Quantifying Sustainability and Energy Benefit by Recycling of Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) on Replacement of Natural Fertile Topsoil Using for Fired Clay Brick Making Process – An Experimental Study
Keywords:
Ground granulated blast furnace slag, Burnt clay brick, Building constriction, Energy consumption, Embodied energy, Sustainable developmentAbstract
Gross energy requirement during the life cycle of a building is a growing research field. The embodied energy calculation and its planning having significant role on optimization the total energy used in the building. Recycling of industrial waste materials to reduce the embodied energy is a sustainable approach to mitigate climate change and global warming. This paper discusses the quantification of indirect embodied energy consumptio n for recycling solid waste, such as granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in the brick making process, representing state of the art technology towards sustainable development. Traditional burnt clay brick consumes a huge amount of energy per brick itself. Due to the shortage of traditional resources and keeping in mind energy conservation, we felt we could re-use industrial process wastes, and contribute towards sustainable development. It may be noted herein that re-using industrial waste in construction materials has- been gaining great prominence around the Globe. GGBS is one of the few industrial waste products, which could be used as a construction material through multiple processing layers. In this study, we experimented with brick preparation by using GGBS with cement as a binder. The mechanical property of the sample, such as its compressive strength, is promising, ranging between 13.18 MPa–25.48 MPa. The process does not requires intering the material; therefore, it helps in reducing the generation of CO2 and other greenhouse gas (GHG), most importantly, it is almost carbon neutral. Energy consumption for preparation of brick by using GGBS calculated and makes comparison with the process of burnt clay brick, which found beneficial in respect of energy conservation, environment, and sustainability. The study reveals that recycling GGBS for production of brick having significant potential for reducing indirect embodied energy in the building. The Construction and building sector can benefit from using GG BS for brick processing.References
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Alshamsi, A.M., 1997. Microsilica and ground granulated blast furnace slag effects on hydration temperature. Cement and Concrete Research 27 (12), 1851-1859.
Bing, L., Biao, T., Zhen, M., Hanchi, C., Hongbo, L., 2019. Physical and chemical properties of steel slag and utilization technology of steel slag at home and abroad. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 242 (3), 032012) IOP Publishing.
Branca, T.A., Colla, V., Algermissen, D., Granbom, H., Martini, U., Morillon, A., Pietruck, R., Rosendahl, S., 2020. Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe. Metals 10 (3), 345 (1-18).
Buchanan, A.H., Honey, B.G., 1994. Energy and carbon dioxide implications of building constru ction. Energy and Buildings 20 (3), 205-217.
Campos, D.A., Gómez-García, R., Vilas-Boas, A.A., Madureira, A.R., Pintado, M.M., 2020. Management of fruit industrial by-products - A case study on circular economy approach. Molecules 25 (2), 320.
Chel, A., Kaushik, G., 2018. Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient building. Alexandria Engineering Journal 57 (2), 655-669.
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, T., Zhao, Y., Bao, S., 2011. Preparation of eco-friendly construction bricks from hematite tailings. Construction and Building Materials 25 (4), 2107-2111.
Dakwale, V.A., Ralegaonkar, R.V., 2014. Development of sustainable construction material using construction and demolition waste. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Sciences 21, 451-457.
Dissanayake, D.M.K.W., Jayasinghe, C., Jayasinghe, M.T.R., 2017. A comparative embodied energy analysis of a house with recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) based foam concrete wall panels. Energy and Buildings 135, 85-94.
Douglas, E., Bilodeau, A., Brandstetr, J., Malhotra, V.M., 1991. Alkali activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag concrete: preliminary investigation. Cement and Concrete Research 21 (1), 101-108.
El-Attar, M.M., Sadek, D.M., Salah, A.M., 2017. Recycling of high volumes of cement kiln dust in bricks industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 143, 506-515.
Feng, Y., Yang, Q., Chen, Q., Kero, J., Andersson, A., Ahmed, H., Samuelsson, C., 2019. Characterization and evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of granulated copper slag modified with CaO. Journal of Cleaner Production 232, 1112-1120.
Hofstrand, D., 2008. Energy measurements and conversions. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
Hoque, M.M., Hosse, M.A., 2019. Sustainable Use of Steel Industry Slag (SIS) for Concrete Production: A State Art of Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences 9 (12), 841-850.
Humbert, P.S., Castro-Gomes, J., 2019. CO2 activated steel slag-based materials: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 208, 448-457.
IFC, 2017. India Construction Materials Database of Embodied Energy and Global Warming Potential, International Finance Corporation, The World Bank Group.
IMY, 2018. Indian Minerals Yearbook- 2018 Vol. II (Metals and Alloys), Indian Bureau of Mines. Available at: https://ibm.gov.in/?c=pages&m=index&id=1373.
Jabbour, C.J.C., Fiorini, P.D.C., Wong, C.W., Jugend, D., Jabbour, A.B.L.D.S., Seles, B.M.R.P., da Silva, H.M.R., 2020. First-mover firms in the transition towards the sharing economy in metallic natural resource-intensive industries: Implications for the circular economy and emerging industry 4.0 technologies. Resources Policy 66, 101596.
Kinnunen, P., Mäkinen, J., Salo, M., Soth, R., Komnitsas, K., 2020. Efficiency of Chemical and Biological Leaching of Copper Slag for the Recovery of Metals and Valorisation of the Leach Residue as Raw Material in Cement Production. Minerals 10 (8), 654.
Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S., Shah, S.P., 2003. Hydration and properties of novel blended cement based on cement kiln dust and blast furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research 33 (8), 1269-1276.
Koomey, J.G., Martin, N.C., Brown, M., Price, L.K., Levine, M.D., 1998. Costs of reducing carbon emissions: US building sector scenarios. Energy Policy 26 (5), 433-440.
Kumar, S., Kumar, R., Mehrotra, S.P., 2010. Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure, and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science 45 (3), 607-615.
Li, G., Zhao, X., 2003. Properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 (3), 293-299.
Li, G., Zhang, A., Song, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, J., 2018. Ground granulated blast furnace slag effect on the durability of ternary cementitious system exposed to combined attack of chloride and sulfate. Construction and Building Materials 158, 640-648.
Liu, M., Ma, G., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Wang, Q., 2020. Preparation of Black Ceramic Tiles Using Waste Copper Slag and Stainless-Steel Slag of Electric Arc Furnace. Materials, 13 (3), 776.
Matkarimov, S.T., Yusupkhodjaev, A.A., Khojiev, S.T., Berdiyarov, B.T., Matkarimov, Z.T., 2020. Technology for the Complex Recycling Slags of Copper Production. Journal of Critical Reviews 7 (5), 214-220.
NAR, 2018. Nitti Aayog Report. Government of India. Available at: http://niti.gov.in/annual-reports.
Oge, M., Ozkan, D., Celik, M.B., Gok, M.S., Karaoglanli, A.C., 2019. An overview of utilization of blast furnace and steelmaking slag in various applications. Materials Today: Proceedings 11, 516-525.
Oka, T., Suzuki, M., Konnya, T., 1993. The estimation of energy consumption and amount of pollutants due to the construction of buildings. Energy and Buildings 19 (4), 303-311.
Oti, J.E., Kinuthia, J.M., 2012. Stabilised unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use. Applied Clay Science 58, 52-59.
Pal, S.C., Mukherjee, A., Pathak, S.R., 2003. Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33 (9), 1481-1486.
Pan, D.A., Li, L., Tian, X., Wu, Y., Cheng, N., Yu, H., 2019. A review on lead slag generation, characteristics, and utilization. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 146, 140-155.
Papargyropoulou, E., Preece, C., Padfield, R., Abdullah, A.A., 2011. Sustainable construction waste management in Malaysia: A contractor's perspective.
Pappu, A., Saxena, M., Asolekar, S.R., 2007. Solid wastes generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials. Building and Environment 42 (6), 2311-2320.
Raut, S.P., Ralegaonkar, R.V., Mandavgane, S.A., 2011. Development of sustainable construction material using industrial and agricultural solid waste: A review of waste-create bricks. Construction and Building Materials 25 (10), 4037-4042.
Reddy, B.V., Jagadish, K.S., 2003. Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies. Energy and Buildings 35 (2), 129-137.
Sabir, B.B., Wild, S., Bai, J., 2001. Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review. Cement and Concrete Composites 23 (6), 441-454.
Schneider, M., Romer, M., Tschudin, M., Bolio, H., 2011. Sustainable cement production-present and future. Cement and Concrete Research 41 (7), 642-650.
Shi, C., 2002. Characteristics and cementitious properties of ladle slag fines from steel production. Cement and Concrete Research 32 (3), 459-462.
Shrouty, V.A., Talodhikar, V.P., 2017. Study of iron and steel slag as a product with respect to physical-chemical properties. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology VIII (III), 16, 19.
Sillanpää, M., Ncibi, C., 2019. The circular economy: case studies about the transition from the linear economy. Academic Press.
Smol, M., Marcinek, P., Duda, J., Szołdrowska, D., 2020. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resources 9 (5), 55.
Song, Q., Li, J., Zeng, X., 2015. Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production 104, 199-210.
Suresh, D., Nagaraju, K., 2015. Ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) in concrete–a review. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 12 (4), 76-82.
Sutcu, M., Alptekin, H., Erdogmus, E., Er, Y., Gencel, O., 2015. Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials. Construction and Building Materials 82, 1-8.
Tcvetkov, P., Cherepovitsyn, A., Fedoseev, S., 2019. The changing role of CO2 in the transition to a circular economy: review of carbon sequestration projects. Sustainability 11 (20), 5834.
Turgut, P., 2012. Manufacturing of building bricks without Portland cement. Journal of Cleaner Production 37, 361-367.
Udawattha, C., Halwatura, R., 2016. Embodied energy of mud concrete block (MCB) versus brick and cement blocks. Energy and Buildings 126, 28-35.
Zhang, L., 2013. Production of bricks from waste materials–A review. Construction and Building Materials 47, 643-655.
Zhang, L., Ji, Y., Huang, G., Li, J., Hu, Y., 2018. Modification and enhancement of mechanical properties of dehydrated cement paste using ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials 164, 525-534.
Zhang, X., Chen, J., Jiang, J., Li, J., Tyagi, R.D., Surampalli, R.Y., 2020. The potential utilization of slag generated from iron-and steelmaking industries: a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42 (5), 1321-1334.
Zhang, X., Zhao, S., Liu, Z., Wang, F., 2019. Utilization of steel slag in ultra-high-performance concrete with enhanced eco-friendliness. Construction and Building Materials 214, 28-36.
Zhou, S., Wei, Y., Li, B., Wang, H., 2019. Cleaner recycling of iron from waste copper slag by using walnut shell char as green reductant. Journal of Cleaner Production 217, 423-431.
Zhu, D., Xu, J., Guo, Z., Pan, J., Li, S., Pan, L., Yang, C., 2020. Synergetic utilization of copper slag and ferruginous manganese ore via co-reduction followed by magnetic separation process. Journal of Cleaner Production 250, 119462.
Alshamsi, A.M., 1997. Microsilica and ground granulated blast furnace slag effects on hydration temperature. Cement and Concrete Research 27 (12), 1851-1859.
Bing, L., Biao, T., Zhen, M., Hanchi, C., Hongbo, L., 2019. Physical and chemical properties of steel slag and utilization technology of steel slag at home and abroad. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 242 (3), 032012) IOP Publishing.
Branca, T.A., Colla, V., Algermissen, D., Granbom, H., Martini, U., Morillon, A., Pietruck, R., Rosendahl, S., 2020. Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe. Metals 10 (3), 345 (1-18).
Buchanan, A.H., Honey, B.G., 1994. Energy and carbon dioxide implications of building constru ction. Energy and Buildings 20 (3), 205-217.
Campos, D.A., Gómez-García, R., Vilas-Boas, A.A., Madureira, A.R., Pintado, M.M., 2020. Management of fruit industrial by-products - A case study on circular economy approach. Molecules 25 (2), 320.
Chel, A., Kaushik, G., 2018. Renewable energy technologies for sustainable development of energy efficient building. Alexandria Engineering Journal 57 (2), 655-669.
Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, T., Zhao, Y., Bao, S., 2011. Preparation of eco-friendly construction bricks from hematite tailings. Construction and Building Materials 25 (4), 2107-2111.
Dakwale, V.A., Ralegaonkar, R.V., 2014. Development of sustainable construction material using construction and demolition waste. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Sciences 21, 451-457.
Dissanayake, D.M.K.W., Jayasinghe, C., Jayasinghe, M.T.R., 2017. A comparative embodied energy analysis of a house with recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) based foam concrete wall panels. Energy and Buildings 135, 85-94.
Douglas, E., Bilodeau, A., Brandstetr, J., Malhotra, V.M., 1991. Alkali activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag concrete: preliminary investigation. Cement and Concrete Research 21 (1), 101-108.
El-Attar, M.M., Sadek, D.M., Salah, A.M., 2017. Recycling of high volumes of cement kiln dust in bricks industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 143, 506-515.
Feng, Y., Yang, Q., Chen, Q., Kero, J., Andersson, A., Ahmed, H., Samuelsson, C., 2019. Characterization and evaluation of the pozzolanic activity of granulated copper slag modified with CaO. Journal of Cleaner Production 232, 1112-1120.
Hofstrand, D., 2008. Energy measurements and conversions. Iowa State University Extension and Outreach.
Hoque, M.M., Hosse, M.A., 2019. Sustainable Use of Steel Industry Slag (SIS) for Concrete Production: A State Art of Review. Open Journal of Applied Sciences 9 (12), 841-850.
Humbert, P.S., Castro-Gomes, J., 2019. CO2 activated steel slag-based materials: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 208, 448-457.
IFC, 2017. India Construction Materials Database of Embodied Energy and Global Warming Potential, International Finance Corporation, The World Bank Group.
IMY, 2018. Indian Minerals Yearbook- 2018 Vol. II (Metals and Alloys), Indian Bureau of Mines. Available at: https://ibm.gov.in/?c=pages&m=index&id=1373.
Jabbour, C.J.C., Fiorini, P.D.C., Wong, C.W., Jugend, D., Jabbour, A.B.L.D.S., Seles, B.M.R.P., da Silva, H.M.R., 2020. First-mover firms in the transition towards the sharing economy in metallic natural resource-intensive industries: Implications for the circular economy and emerging industry 4.0 technologies. Resources Policy 66, 101596.
Kinnunen, P., Mäkinen, J., Salo, M., Soth, R., Komnitsas, K., 2020. Efficiency of Chemical and Biological Leaching of Copper Slag for the Recovery of Metals and Valorisation of the Leach Residue as Raw Material in Cement Production. Minerals 10 (8), 654.
Konsta-Gdoutos, M.S., Shah, S.P., 2003. Hydration and properties of novel blended cement based on cement kiln dust and blast furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Research 33 (8), 1269-1276.
Koomey, J.G., Martin, N.C., Brown, M., Price, L.K., Levine, M.D., 1998. Costs of reducing carbon emissions: US building sector scenarios. Energy Policy 26 (5), 433-440.
Kumar, S., Kumar, R., Mehrotra, S.P., 2010. Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure, and properties of fly ash based geopolymer. Journal of Materials Science 45 (3), 607-615.
Li, G., Zhao, X., 2003. Properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Cement and Concrete Composites 25 (3), 293-299.
Li, G., Zhang, A., Song, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, J., 2018. Ground granulated blast furnace slag effect on the durability of ternary cementitious system exposed to combined attack of chloride and sulfate. Construction and Building Materials 158, 640-648.
Liu, M., Ma, G., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Wang, Q., 2020. Preparation of Black Ceramic Tiles Using Waste Copper Slag and Stainless-Steel Slag of Electric Arc Furnace. Materials, 13 (3), 776.
Matkarimov, S.T., Yusupkhodjaev, A.A., Khojiev, S.T., Berdiyarov, B.T., Matkarimov, Z.T., 2020. Technology for the Complex Recycling Slags of Copper Production. Journal of Critical Reviews 7 (5), 214-220.
NAR, 2018. Nitti Aayog Report. Government of India. Available at: http://niti.gov.in/annual-reports.
Oge, M., Ozkan, D., Celik, M.B., Gok, M.S., Karaoglanli, A.C., 2019. An overview of utilization of blast furnace and steelmaking slag in various applications. Materials Today: Proceedings 11, 516-525.
Oka, T., Suzuki, M., Konnya, T., 1993. The estimation of energy consumption and amount of pollutants due to the construction of buildings. Energy and Buildings 19 (4), 303-311.
Oti, J.E., Kinuthia, J.M., 2012. Stabilised unfired clay bricks for environmental and sustainable use. Applied Clay Science 58, 52-59.
Pal, S.C., Mukherjee, A., Pathak, S.R., 2003. Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 33 (9), 1481-1486.
Pan, D.A., Li, L., Tian, X., Wu, Y., Cheng, N., Yu, H., 2019. A review on lead slag generation, characteristics, and utilization. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 146, 140-155.
Papargyropoulou, E., Preece, C., Padfield, R., Abdullah, A.A., 2011. Sustainable construction waste management in Malaysia: A contractor's perspective.
Pappu, A., Saxena, M., Asolekar, S.R., 2007. Solid wastes generation in India and their recycling potential in building materials. Building and Environment 42 (6), 2311-2320.
Raut, S.P., Ralegaonkar, R.V., Mandavgane, S.A., 2011. Development of sustainable construction material using industrial and agricultural solid waste: A review of waste-create bricks. Construction and Building Materials 25 (10), 4037-4042.
Reddy, B.V., Jagadish, K.S., 2003. Embodied energy of common and alternative building materials and technologies. Energy and Buildings 35 (2), 129-137.
Sabir, B.B., Wild, S., Bai, J., 2001. Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review. Cement and Concrete Composites 23 (6), 441-454.
Schneider, M., Romer, M., Tschudin, M., Bolio, H., 2011. Sustainable cement production-present and future. Cement and Concrete Research 41 (7), 642-650.
Shi, C., 2002. Characteristics and cementitious properties of ladle slag fines from steel production. Cement and Concrete Research 32 (3), 459-462.
Shrouty, V.A., Talodhikar, V.P., 2017. Study of iron and steel slag as a product with respect to physical-chemical properties. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology VIII (III), 16, 19.
Sillanpää, M., Ncibi, C., 2019. The circular economy: case studies about the transition from the linear economy. Academic Press.
Smol, M., Marcinek, P., Duda, J., Szołdrowska, D., 2020. Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy. Resources 9 (5), 55.
Song, Q., Li, J., Zeng, X., 2015. Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy. Journal of Cleaner Production 104, 199-210.
Suresh, D., Nagaraju, K., 2015. Ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) in concrete–a review. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 12 (4), 76-82.
Sutcu, M., Alptekin, H., Erdogmus, E., Er, Y., Gencel, O., 2015. Characteristics of fired clay bricks with waste marble powder addition as building materials. Construction and Building Materials 82, 1-8.
Tcvetkov, P., Cherepovitsyn, A., Fedoseev, S., 2019. The changing role of CO2 in the transition to a circular economy: review of carbon sequestration projects. Sustainability 11 (20), 5834.
Turgut, P., 2012. Manufacturing of building bricks without Portland cement. Journal of Cleaner Production 37, 361-367.
Udawattha, C., Halwatura, R., 2016. Embodied energy of mud concrete block (MCB) versus brick and cement blocks. Energy and Buildings 126, 28-35.
Zhang, L., 2013. Production of bricks from waste materials–A review. Construction and Building Materials 47, 643-655.
Zhang, L., Ji, Y., Huang, G., Li, J., Hu, Y., 2018. Modification and enhancement of mechanical properties of dehydrated cement paste using ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Construction and Building Materials 164, 525-534.
Zhang, X., Chen, J., Jiang, J., Li, J., Tyagi, R.D., Surampalli, R.Y., 2020. The potential utilization of slag generated from iron-and steelmaking industries: a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42 (5), 1321-1334.
Zhang, X., Zhao, S., Liu, Z., Wang, F., 2019. Utilization of steel slag in ultra-high-performance concrete with enhanced eco-friendliness. Construction and Building Materials 214, 28-36.
Zhou, S., Wei, Y., Li, B., Wang, H., 2019. Cleaner recycling of iron from waste copper slag by using walnut shell char as green reductant. Journal of Cleaner Production 217, 423-431.
Zhu, D., Xu, J., Guo, Z., Pan, J., Li, S., Pan, L., Yang, C., 2020. Synergetic utilization of copper slag and ferruginous manganese ore via co-reduction followed by magnetic separation process. Journal of Cleaner Production 250, 119462.
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