Human Wildlife Conflict in Relation to Human Security in the Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe
Keywords:
Human wildlife conflict, Human security, Crop damage, Livestock lose, Impacts on securityAbstract
An investigation on the impacts of human-wildlife conflict on human security was carried out in three randomly selected communities adjacent to Gonarezhou National Park between 2019 and 2020. The study aimed to establish the impacts of human wildlife conflict on human security, to ascertain the nature of problems or conflicts between people and wildlife, and to identify the wildlife species that are regarded as problematic by local villagers. The research employed a quantitative approach and data was collected using closed questionnaires. The target population of the study were sixty households from the three communities under study and a sample of sixty respondents all completed the questionnaires. One Way Single Factor Analysis of Variance and multiple t tests were conducted on variables under study namely human wildlife conflict experience, nature of experience, frequency of encounters, and dominant PAs. Results showed significant differences (p = 0.00058-human wildlife conflict experience, p = 0.006- nature of experience, p = 0.04027- frequency of attacks.). For attacks with highest frequency, crop damage and livestock attacks were dominant in the Northern and Central community whilst isolated cases of crop damage were recorded in the Northern community which was the control due to its privately owned plots which are protected by electric fences to deter wildlife. The lion was the dominant PA in the Central community whist the elephant was dominant in the Northern community, with the Southern community registering only seven cases of crop attacks by lions. Chi square tests were also conducted to test for relationships between gender and Human-wildlife conflict experience as well as between frequency of encounters and community. The results proved that there was no relationship between gender and human wildlife conflict experience (P chisq = 0.427. Therewas a strong relationship between community and frequency of encounters (P chisq = 13.85) concluding that human wildlife conflict had negative impacts on human security.References
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Baldus, R.D., 2008. Auf den Fährten der Big Five. Drei Jahrzehnte jagen in Afrika. Stuttgart, Germany, Kosmos Verlag.
Barnes, R.F.W., Boafo, Y., Nandjui, A., Umaru-Farouk, D., Hema, E.M., Danquah, E., Manford, M., 2003. An overview of crop-raiding by elephants around the Kakum Conservation Area. Elephant Biology and Management Project, Africa Program. Washington, DC, USA, Conservation International.
Blair, A., 2008. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Laikipia North, Kenya: Comparing Official Reports with the Experiences of Maasai Pastoralists. MSc. Thesis, McGill University.
Buzan, B., 1997. Rethinking Security after the Cold War.Cooperation and Conflict 32 (1), pp. 5-28.
CITES, 2019. Sustainable Wildlife Management, Geneva, CITES.
Conover, M., 2002. Resolving Human Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management. Chelsea: Lewis Publisher, CRC Press LLC.
CPW, 2015. Sustainable Wildlife Management and Human Wildlife Conflict. FAO: Rome.
CPSWM, 2005. Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Wildlife Management, 2005.
CRDC, 2018. Chiredzi Rural District Council Annual Report. Chiredzi, Zimbabwe.
Dickman, A., 2010. Complexities of conflict: The Importance of Considering Social Factors for Effectively Resolving HumanWildlife Conflict. Animal Conservation 13 (1), 458-466.
Edward, D.W., Frank, S.A., 2012. Victims Perspectives of Lowes’ Monkeys’ (Cercopithecus Campbelli Lowei) Crop Raiding Events in Ghana: A Case of Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctury. Jornal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science 1 (1), 1-8.
FAO, 2005. Strategies to mitigate human-wildlife conflict in Mozambique, by J. Anderson and F. Pariela, Report for the National Directorate of Forests and Wildlife, Mozambique.
Fungo, B., 2011. A review crop raiding around protected areas: nature, control and research gaps. Environmental Research Journal 5 (2), 87-92.
Gandiwa, E, Gandiwa, P., Muboko, N., 2012. Living with Wildlife and Associated Conflicts in A Contested Area Within the Northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 14 (6), 252-260.
Gandiwa, E, Heitkonig, I.M.A, Lokhorst, A.N., Leeuwis, C., 2013. CAMPFIRE and Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Local Communities Bordering Northern Gonarezhou National Park, Zimbabwe. Ecology and Society 18 (4), 1-15.
Gobosh, A., 2015. Assessment of Human Wildlife Conflict and Management Technique, Addis: Addis Ababa University.
Girma, G. 2016. DNA barcoding of the main cultivated yams and selected wild species in the genus Dioscorea. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54, 228-237.
Hill, C.M., 2000. A conflict of interest between people and baboons: crop raiding in Uganda. International Journal of Primatology 21, 299-315.
Hill, C., Osborn, F., Pumptre, A.J., 2002. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Identifying the problem and possible solutions. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series Volume 1, Wildlife Conservation Society.
Hlambela, S., Kozanyi, W., 2005. Decentralized Natural Resource Management in the Chiredzi District of Zimbabwe: Voices from the ground. In: Colfer, C.J.P., Capistrano, D., Eds. The Politics of Decentralization: Forests, Power and People. London: Earthscan, pp. 295-314.
Imorou, S.A.G., Mama, A., Tehou, A., Sinsin, B., 2004. The humanelephant (Loxodonta Africana) conflicts in the hunting zone of Djona (Benin) adjacent to the Regional Park of the W: the case study of the villages of Alfakoara. In P. Chardonnet, F. Lamarque and M. Birkan, eds. Proceedings of the 6th International Wildlife Ranching Symposium, Paris, France, 6-9 July 2004. Game and Wildlife Science 21 (4), 553-569.
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Jayson M., 1998. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology 51, 203-205.
KWS, 1996. Wildlife/human conflicts in Kenya. Report of the 5-Person Review Group, Nairobi, KWS.
Lamarque, F., Anderson, J., Fergusson, R., La Grange, M., OseiOwusu, Y., 2009. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Africa: Causes, Consequenses and Management Strategies, Rome: FAO.
Le Bel, S., Murwira, B., Mukamuri, R., Czudek, R., Taylor, M., La Grange, M., 2002. Human Wildlife Conflicts in Southern Africa: Riding the Whirl Wind in Mozambique and in Zimbabwe. In: J. López-Pujol, ed. Testing and Implementing the Use of Electric Fences for Night Corrals in Romania. Carnivore Damage Prevention News 5, 2-5.
O’Connell-Rodwell, C.E., Arnason, B., Hart, L.A., 2000. Seismic properties of elephant vocalizations and locomotion. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 108, 3066-3072.
Ogada, M.O., Woodroffe, R., Oguge, N., Frank, L.G., 2003. Limiting depredation by African carnivores: the role of livestock husbandry. Conservation Biology 17, 1521-1530.
Osborn, F.V., Parker, G.E., 2002. Community-based methods to reduce crop loss to elephants: experiments in the communal lands of Zimbabwe. Pachyderm 33, 32-38.
Packer, C., Ikanda, D., Kissui, B., Kushnir, H., 2005. Lion attacks on humans in Tanzania. Nature 436 (7053), 927-928.
Patterson, B., Kasiki, S.M., Selempo, S.E., Kays, R., 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Park, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119 (4), 507-516.
Sciess-Meier, M., Ramsauer, S., Gabanapelo, T., Konig, B., 2007.
Livestock Predation - Insights from Problem Animal Control Registers in Botswana. Journal of Wildlife Management 71 (4), 118-140.
Torres, D., Oliveeira, E., Nobrega Alves, R., 2018. Understanding human-wildlife conflicts and their implications. Ethnozoology, pp. 421-445.
UNCHS, 2003. Human Security, New York, UN.
UNTFHS, 2016. Human Security in Theory and Practice: Application of the Human Security Concepts and the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security, New York: Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN.
Upreti, B., 1985. Park People Interface Problems and New Directions, Kathmandu: Environment and Natural Resources Research Institute.
USGS, 2003. United States Geological Survey Report 2003. Survey of the Human Wildlife Conflict in Africa, New York.
Veeramani, A., Jayson, E.A., 1995. A Survey of Crop Damage by Wild Animals in Kerala. Biology 12 (2), 68-83.
Wam, H., Dokk, J.G., Hjeljord, O., 2004. Elecric Fencing and Large Carnivore Depredation on Livestock in OstfoldInstitutt for biologi og naturforvaltning Viltrapport4, Norges Landbruks Hogskole.
WWF, 2006. Species Fact Sheet: Human-Animal Conflict, Switzerland: World Wildlife Fund International.
WWF, 2007. Human-animal conflict. Available at: www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/problems/human_animal_conflict/index.cfm.
Yihune, M., 2006. Human-Wildlife (Gelada Baboon and Ethiopian Wolf) Conflict in and Around Simien Mountain National Park M.Sc. Thesis, Addis, Addis Ababa University.
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