Highway Structural Failure and Development of Parameter Prediction Models: Case Study of Akure - Owo (A-122) Pavement, Southwestern Nigeria
Keywords:
California Bearing Ratio, Penetrative index, Elastic modulus, Geotechnical, Structural number, Subgrade modulusAbstract
Soil domain within Akure–Owo (A-122) highway has been studied in order to understand the causes of incessant failure of the highway structure. The study combined geophysical, geochemical, hydrogeological, and geotechnical investigations. The results revealed that the topsoil/subsoil on which the soil is constructed composed of incompetent/fairly competent clay, sandy clay, clay sand, and laterite. The depth to basement rock ranged between 30.4–42.2 m. The soils are lateritic with silica-Sesquioxide ratio of 1.58 (avg.). The clay mineralogy is within the illite (60 %)–illite/montmorillonite group (40 %). The soils are of SC-SM of low–intermediate plasticity and compressibility of moderate to high specific gravity. The avg. GI value of the soils is 6, and adjudged fair subgrade soil material. The in-situ California Bearing Ratio (CBR) (avg. 27 %) and soaked CBR (avg. 38 %) satisfied the 10 % minimum specification for subgrade. The DCPT indicated the soil to be generally of medium/stiff/dense consistencies with penetrative index of 1.33 – 53.67 mm/blow. It also showed that 378–872 mm depths are the suitable surficial layer to host the road structure based on the CBR and SNG with relative densities of 0.371–0.509. The strength coefficient, SNG, SN, and SNP contributions of the soil are good for subgrade but low for subbase and base courses. The regression models of all parameters gave strong positive correlations for soaked CBR and in-situ CBR, and ER and MR; while weak positive correlation for in-situ CBR and MR, RD and DCPI, RD and in-situ CBR. Based on the GI and CBR values, and the traffic count carried out which placed the highway, the recommended thickness of the highway structure should range from 140 mm (good segment) to 445 mm (for weak segment) (avg. 193 mm) which partly corresponds to 315 mm measured along the highway alignment during reconnaissance survey. This implies that the design thickness of the highway corresponds very well with recommended thickness emanating from this study. Thus the failures in some portions along the highway can be attributed to lack of drainage facility at the shoulders of the highway, topography/basement relief, and usage.
References
Adelana, S.M.A., Olasehinde, P.I., Bale, R.B., Vrbka, P., Goni, I.B., Edet, A.E., 2008. An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria. Conference theme: Applied Groundwater Studies in Africa. In: Adelana, S.M.A., MacDonald, A.M. (ed). CRC Press Balkema, pp. 71-197.
Adetoro, A.E., Abe, O.E., 2018. Assessment of Engineering Properties of Ado-Ekiti to Ikere-Ekiti Road Soil, Southwestern Nigeria. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 4(6): 191-195
Akintayo, F.O., Osasona, T.D., 2022. Design of Rigid Pavement for Oke- Omi Road, Ibadan, Nigeria. FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp 382-386 ISSN: 2579-0617 (Paper), 2579-0625 (Online) https://doiorg/1046792/fuoyejetv7i3837
Amosun, J.O., Olayanju, G.M., Sanuade, O.A., Fagbemigun, T., 2018. Preliminary geophysical investigation for road construction using integrated methods. RMZ – M&G, Vol 65, pp 199–206. DOI 102478/rmzmag-2018-0017
Anon, 1952. Soil Mechanics for Road Engineers. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London
ASTM, 2006. Annual Book of ASTM Standards – Sections 4.02, 4.08, 4.09 and 4.13. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bell, F.G., 2007. Engineering Geology. Second Edition, Elsevier Limited
Bell, F.G., 2004. Engineering Geology and Construction. Spon Press, London
Blyth, F.G.H., de Freitas, M.H., 1984. A Geology for Engineers Seventh Edition, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford365pp. Doi: 101038/153476b0
Brink, A.B.A., Parridge, J.C., Williams, A.A.B., 1992. Soil Survey for Engineering, Claredon, Oxford.
Brown, S.F., 1996. Soil mechanics in pavement engineering. Geotechnique, 46, 383–426
Carter, M., Bentley, S.P., 1991. Correlations of soil properties, Pentech Press Publishers, London, 129pp
Cekerevac, C., et al., 2009. Water influence on mechanical behaviour of pavements: Experimental investigation. In: Dawson (Ed), Water in road structures (pp 217–242) Springer
Chapman, R.E., 1981. Geology and Water, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W Junk Publishers, London e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8244-4 DOI: 101007/978-94-009-8244-4
Charman, 1.M., 1988. Laterite in Road Pavements Special Publication 47, Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA), London
Chen, D.H., Lin, D.F., Pen-Hwang Liau, P.H., Bilyeu, J., 2005. A correlation between Dynamic Cone Penetrometer values and pavement layer moduli. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 38 (1).
Chen, F.H., 2000. Soil Engineering: Testing, Design, and Remediation, Edited by Morris, PE, CRC Press LLC, Corporate Blvd, NW, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, 288pp. ISBN 0-8493-2294-4 (alk paper)
DIN 4094 Part 2, 1980. Dynamic and Static Penetrometer
Done, S., Samuel, P., 2006. Department for International Development (DFID) Measuring road pavement strength and designing low volume sealed roads using the dynamic cone penetrometer. Unpublished Project Report, UPR/IE/76/06 Project Record No R7783. wwwtransport-linksorg/ukdcp/docs/Manual/manualhtml
Federal Meteorological Survey, 1982. Atlas of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2nd Edition, Federal Surveys, 160pp.
Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, 1997. Nigerian general specifications for roads and Bridges. Federal Highway Department, Lagos, 2: 145-284.
FHWA NHI-05-037, 2006. Geotechnical aspects of pavement. US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Pp4-17
George, K.P., Uddin, W., 2000. Subgrade characterization for highway pavement design, final report Jackson, MS: Mississippi Department of Transportation
Ibitomi, M.A., Fatoye, F.B., Onsachi, J.M., 2014. Geophysical Investigation of Pavement Failure on a Portion of Okene-Lokoja Highway, North Central Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, Vol4, No13, pp 44-50. ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Iloeje, P.N., 1981. A new geography of Nigeria. Longman Nigeria Limited, Lagos.
Ilori, A.O., 2015. Geotechnical characterization of a highway route alignment with light weight penetrometer (LRS 10), in southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 6(7), 28pp http://dxdoiorg/101186/s40703-015-0007-2
IRC, 2002. Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements. Indian roads congress Number 37 New Delhi, 2002
Jianzhou, C., et al., 1999. Use of Falling Weight Deflectometer and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer in Pavement Evaluation. Paper Presented in the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC
Holtz, W.G., Kovacs, W.D., 1981. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice-Hall Publishers, 733pp.
Kadyali, L.R., Lal, N.B., 2008. Principles and Practices of Highway Engineering (Including Expressways and Airport Engineering), Fifth Edition, Romesh Chander Khanna, New Delhi, India, 858pp
Kearey, P., Brooks, M., Hill, I., 2002. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration. Blackwell Science Limited, 262pp.
Kodicherla, S.P.K., Nandyala, D.K., 2016. Use of CPT and DCP based correlations in characterization of subgrade of a highway in Southern Ethiopia. Region International Journal of Geo-Engineering, 7(11), 15pp http://dxdoiorg/101186/s40703-016-0025-8
Lockwood, D., de Franca, V.M.P., Ringwood, B., de Beer, M., 1992. Analysis and classification of DCP survey data Technology and information management programme Pretoria, South Africa: CSIR Transportek
Loke, M.H., 2000. Electrical Imaging Surveys for Environmental and Engineering Studies: A Practical Guide to 2D and 3D Surveys, 59pp. www.terrajp.co.Jp/lokenote.pdf,2004
Loke, M.H., 2004. Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D Electrical Imaging Surveys, Revised Edition, 136pp
Nigerian Geological Survey Agency, 2006. Geological and Mineral Map of Ondo State State, Nigeria
Nigeria Geological Survey, 1984. Geological Map of Southwestern Nigeria, Geological Survey Department, Ministry of Mines, Power and Steel, Nigeria.
Obaje, S.O., 2017. Appraisal of Pavement Failures on Ado-Ekiti – Ogbagi Road, South-Western Nigeria. International Journal of Geology and Earth Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, 9pp.
Okigbo, N., 2012. Causes of Highway Failures In Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Vol. 4 No. 11, pp4695-4703.
Powell, W.D., et al., 1984. The structural design of bituminous roads. ME TRRL Report LR pp 62,1132
Rahaman, M.A., 1988. Recent Advances in the study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria. In: Precambrian Geology of Nigeria. Geological Survey of Nigeria Publication, 11-43.
Scala, A.J., 1956. Simple Methods of Flexible Pavement Design Using Cone Penetrometer. New Zealand Engineer, Vol. 11, No. 2, 34-44
Smith, A.J., Montgomery, R.F., 1962. Soils and land use in Central Western Nigeria. The Government of Western Nigeria, Ibadan Publication.
Sudha, K., Israil, M., Mittal, S., Rai, J., 2009. Soil characterization using electrical resistivity tomography and geotechnical investigations, Journal of Applied Geophysics Vol. 67, pp. 74-79.
Telford, W.M., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.E., 1991. Applied Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, 792pp.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 1990. A user’s manual for a program to analyze dynamic cone penetrometer data (Overseas Road Note 8) Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.
Ubido, O.E., Igwe, O., Ukah, B.U., 2021. An investigation into the cause of road failure along Sagamu-Papalanto highway southwestern Nigeria. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 8(3), 19pp https://doiorg/101186/s40677-020-00174-8
Uz, V.E., Saltan, M., Gökalp, I., 2015. Comparison of DCP, CBR, and RLT Test Results for Granular Pavement Materials and Subgrade with Structural Perspective. International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) September 15 - 17, Berlin, Germany, 10pp.
Vandre, B., Budge, A., Nussbaum, S., 1998. DCP- A Useful Tool for Characterizing Engineering Properties of Soils at Shallow Depths. Proceedings of 34th Symposium on Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT
Vazirani, V.N., Chandola, S.P., 2009. Concise Handbook of Civil Engineering. Revised Edition, Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India, 1318pp
Wright, P.H., 1986. Highway Engineering, Sixth Edition, John Willey and Sons, New York
Yoder, E.J., Witczak, M.W., 1975. Principles of Pavement Design. Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc New York.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
