Geochemical Discriminant for Provenance Characterization of Some Clay Deposits in Edo State, Nigeria
Keywords:
Clay, Mineralogy, Physicochemical characteristics, Weathering indices, ProvenanceAbstract
Bulk geochemical analysis was carried out using X-Ray Fluoresces spectrometry and X-Ray diffractometry methods on the samples from some clay deposits from six locations in Edo State, Nigeria, namely Abudu, Arakhuan, Iguoriakhi, Obadolovbiyeyi, Okhoro, Okomu, to infer their provenance, tectonic setting and source-area weathering. The major oxides for SiO2 in percent are 54.55, 54.52, 54.64, 58.38, 56.38 and 54.64 in Abudu, Arakhuan, Iguoriakhi, Obadolovbiyeyi, Okhoro and Okomu clay respectively. However, it is highest in Obadolovbiyeyi communityhe average concentration of Al2O3 are 29.90%, 28.22%, 28.87%, 18.85%, 28.81% and 28.87% in Abudu, Arakhuan, Iguoriakhi, Obadolovbiyeyi, Okhoro and Okomu clay respectively. The highest percent of Alumina is in Abudu while the lowest concentration of Alumina is in Obadolovbiyeyi; the low Al2O3 concentration is due to lower intensity of alterations of the rocks into clays. The clay samples from this study are characterized by low content of Fe2O3, TiO2 and MgO indicating the dominant source from felsic rocks compositions. The result showed that the dominant clay mineral from the diffractogram profiles is kaolinite. Illite, mica and montmorrillonite while the non-clay minerals are quartz and feldspar, with the quartz peak being very prominent. The minimum and maximum averages for the clay are Y is 10.50 ppm at Arakhuan clay and 23.81 ppm at Abudu clay. Similarly, for Nb, Ta and Sc minimum and maximum values are Nb (8.62 ppm, 25.50 ppm) for Okhoro and arakhuan clay, Ta (10.11 ppm, 20.85 ppm) for Obadolovbiyeyi and Abudu clay and Sc (66.73 ppm, 71.70 ppm) for Okomu and Iguoriakhi clay. From this study, the maximum concentration of Ni (82.76 ppm) and Co (45.45 ppm) have concentrations way lower than for mafic and Ultramafic, hence, this authenticate its provenance has been from a felsic origin/source.
References
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Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soils and Geomorphology, Third edition. New York, Oxford University Press. 430 pp.
Bundy, W.M., 1993. The diverse industrial applications of kaolin. Kaolin Genesis and Utilization (Murray, H. H., Bundy, W., Harvey, C.,), Clay Minerals Society Special Publication 1, Boulder, 43-47.
Burhan, D., Ciftci, E., 2010. The clay minerals observed in the building stones of Aksaray- Guzelyurt area (Central Anatolia-Turkey) and their effects. International Journal of the Physical Sciences 5, 1734-1743.
Cai, L.X., Xiao, G.L., Guo, X.W., Wang, J., Wu, Z.Q., Li, B.G., 2018. Evaluation of upper paleozoic and mesozioc source rock sin well CSDP – 2 and marine oil and gas exploration prospect in the SYCB. Acta Petrolei Sinica 39 (6), 660-673.
Condie, K.C., 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust Contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104 (1-4), 1-37.
Cox, R., Lowe, D.R., Cullers, R. L., 1995. The influence of sediments recycling and basement composition on evolution of mud rock chemistry in the south-western United States. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59, 2919-2940.
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Ehinola, O.A., Oladunjoye, M.A., Gbadamosi, T.O., 2009. Chemical composition, geophysical mapping and reserve estimation of clay deposit from parts of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Mining Research 3, 57-66.
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1995. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23 (10), 921-924.
Gao, X, Zhang, X., Zhu, X., 2020. Provenance and Tectonic implications of palezoic strata in the south yellow sea Basin, China Reveled from the Bore hole CSDP – 2. Journal of Ocean University of China 19, 536-55.
Gary, S.K., 2008. Physical and Engineering Geology; 2nd Edition.
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Grim, R.E., 1968. The Clay Mineralogy 2nd edition Mac Graw Hill, New York, pp. 596.
Harnois, L., 1988. The C. I. W. index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology 55, 319-322.
Hayashi, K., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H.D., Ohmoto, H., 1997. Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga sedimentary Rocks from Northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4115-4137.
Heinnonem, J.S., Bohrson, W.A., Spera, F.J., Brown, G.A., Scruggs, M.A., Adams, J.V., 2020. Diagnosing open system magmatic processes using the magma chamber Simulator (MCS): Part II trace elements and Isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 175, 105-126.
Jubril, M.D., Amajor, L.C., 1991. Mineralogical a geochemical Aspects of the Afam clay (Miocene), Eastern Nigeria Delta. Nigeria Journal Mining and Geology 27, 95-105.
Kabeto, K., 2010. Sequential Compositional variation of Ethiopian flood basalt: Implication for Afar plume enriched component. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 2, 4-25.
Kabeto, K., Sawada, Y., Roser, B., 2009. Compositional Differences between Felsic Volcanic Rocks from the Margin and Center of the Northern Main Ethiopian Rift. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 1, 4-35.
Kabeto, K., Zenebe, A., Bheemalingeswara, K., Atshbeha, K., Gebresilassie, S., Amare, K., 2012. Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Clay and Lacustrine Deposits of Lake Ashenge Basin, Northern Ethiopia: Implication for Industrial Applications. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 4(2), 111-129.
Madharaju, J., Ramasamy, S., 2002. Petrography and geochemistry of Late Maastrichtian - Early Paleocene sediments of Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu - Paleoweathering and provenance implications. Journal of the Geological Society of India 59, 133-142.
McLennan, S.M., 1993. Weathering and global denudation. Journal of Geology 101, 295-303.
McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., Eriksson, K.A., 1983. Geochemistry of Archean Shales from the Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47 (7), 1211-1222.
Mongelli, G., Cullers, R.L., Muelheisen, S., 1996. Geochemistry of Late Cretaceous-Oligocene shales from the Varicolori Formation, southern Apennines, Italy: implications for mineralogical, grain-size control and provenance. European Journal of Mineralogy 8, 733-754.
Murray, H.H., 2007. Clay industry materials and rocks, America Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineers, New York. Seeley W series pp. 259-284.
Murray, H.H., Keller, W.D., 1993. Kaolin, kaolin and kaolin. In: Murray, H. H., Bondy, W. and Harvey, C. (Eds.), Kaolin Genesis and utilization. The Clay Mineral Society (Special Publication), Aurora, USA, (1).
Ndjigui, P.D., Beauvais, A., Fadil-Djenabou, S., Ambrosi, J.P., 2014. Origin and evolution of Ngaye River alluvial sediments, Northern Cameroon: Geochemical constraints. Journal of African Earth Sciences 100, 164-187
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1989. Formation and Diagenesis of Weathering Profiles. The Journal of Geology 97, 129-147.
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., McLennan, S.M., Keays, R.R., 1982. Effects of chemical Weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies. Journal of Geology 104:525-542.
Nwajide, C.S., 2005. A guide to geological field trips to Anambra and related basins in Southeastern Nigeria. Great AP Express Publishers Ltd.
Obrike, S.E., 2012. Evaluation of Imo clay-shale deposit (Paleocene) from Okada, Edo State, Southwestern Nigeria, as drilling mud clay. Journal of Applied Technology of Environmental Sanitation 1 (4), 311-316.
Obrike, S.E., Osadebe, C.C., Onyeobi, T.U.S., 2007. Mineralogical, geochemical, physical and industrial characteristics of shale from Okada area, southwestern Nigeria. Journal Mining and Geology 43 (2), 109-116.
Odigi, M.I., 1989. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of Tertiary sediments from the eastern Niger Delta and their relationship to petroleum occurrence. Journal of Petroleum Geology 10 (1), 101-114.
Okoye, I.P., Obi, C., 2011. Synthesis and Characterization of Al-Pillared Bentonite Clay Minerals. Research Journal of Applied Sciences 6, 447-450.
Onyekuru, S.O., Iwuoha, P.O., Iwuagwu, C.J., Nwozor, K.K., Opara K.D., 2018. Mineralogical and geochemical properties of Clay deposits in parts of Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 13 (14), 217-229
Oyinloye, A.O., 1991. Application of kaolinitic clays in Industrial Clay technology TERRA. A Journal of Environmental Concern 1 (1), 68-72.
Parker, A., 1970. An index of weathering for silicate rocks. Geological Magazine 107, 501-504.
Petters, S.W., Ekweozor, C.M., 1981. Origin of Cretaceous black shales in the Benue Trough, Nigeria. Journal of Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 40, 311-319.
Rahman, J., Suzuki, S., 2007. Geochemistry of sandstone from the Miocene Surma group, Bengal basin, Bangladesh: Implications for provenance, tectonic setting and weathering. Geochemical Journal 416), 415-428.
Reyment, R.A., 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan.
Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S., 2003. The Composition of the Continental Crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier–Pergamon, Oxford–London, Vol. 3: pp. 1-64.
Ruxton, B.P., 1968. Measures of the degree of chemical weathering of rocks. Journal of Geology 76 (5), 518-527.
Salihu, S.A., Suleiman, I.Y., 2018. Comparative analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of selected clays deposits found in Kebbi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 13 (10), 163-173.
Short, K.C., Stauble, A.J., 1967. Outline of the Geology of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 21.
Singh, M., Sharma, M., Tobschall, H.J., 2005. Weathering of the Ganga alluvial plain, northern India: implications from fluvial geochemistry of Gomati River. Applied Geochemistry 20, 1-21.
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution: Blackwell, Oxford, 312 p.
Uchida, E., Osada, K., Nakoa, K., 2017. Major and Trace Element chemical compositional signatures of some granite rocks related to metal mineralization in Japan. Open Journal of Geology 7, 559-57.
Voicu, G., Bardouz, M., Harnois, L., Grepeau, R., 1997. Lithological and geochemeical environment of igneous and sedimentary rocks at Omai gold mine, Guyana, South America, Exploration and Mining Geology 6, 153-170.
Wang, H., Liu, Z., Sathiamurthy, E., Colin, C., Li, J., Zhao, Y., 2011. Clay mineralogy and elemental geochemistry of river surface sediments in Malay Peninsula and North Borneo. Science China: Earth Sciences 54, 272-282.
Voicu, G., Bardouz, M., Harnois, L., Grepeau, R., 1997. Lithological and geochemeical environment of igneous and sedimentary rocks at Omai gold mine, Guyana, South America, Exploration and Mining Geology 6, 153-170.
Akinmosin, A., Osinowo, O.O., 2008. Geochemical and mineralogical composition of Ishara sandstone deposit, SW Nigeria. Continental Journal of Earth Sciences 3, 33-39.
Akujieze, C.N., 2004. Effects of Anthropogenic Activities (Sand Quarrying and Waste Disposal) on Urban Groundwater System and Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soils and Geomorphology, Third edition. New York, Oxford University Press. 430 pp.
Bundy, W.M., 1993. The diverse industrial applications of kaolin. Kaolin Genesis and Utilization (Murray, H. H., Bundy, W., Harvey, C.,), Clay Minerals Society Special Publication 1, Boulder, 43-47.
Burhan, D., Ciftci, E., 2010. The clay minerals observed in the building stones of Aksaray- Guzelyurt area (Central Anatolia-Turkey) and their effects. International Journal of the Physical Sciences 5, 1734-1743.
Cai, L.X., Xiao, G.L., Guo, X.W., Wang, J., Wu, Z.Q., Li, B.G., 2018. Evaluation of upper paleozoic and mesozioc source rock sin well CSDP – 2 and marine oil and gas exploration prospect in the SYCB. Acta Petrolei Sinica 39 (6), 660-673.
Condie, K.C., 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust Contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104 (1-4), 1-37.
Cox, R., Lowe, D.R., Cullers, R. L., 1995. The influence of sediments recycling and basement composition on evolution of mud rock chemistry in the south-western United States. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59, 2919-2940.
Cullers, R.L., Podkovyrov, V.N., 2000. Geochemistry of the Mesoproterosoic Lakhanda Shales in Southern Yakutia, Russia: Implications for Mineralogical and Provenance Control and Recycling. Precambrian Research 104, 77-93.
Darmody, R.G., Thorn, C.E., Allen, C.E., 2005. Chemical weathering and boulder mantles, Kärkevagge, Swedish Lapland. Geomorphology 67 (1-2), 159-170.
Ehinola, O.A., Oladunjoye, M.A., Gbadamosi, T.O., 2009. Chemical composition, geophysical mapping and reserve estimation of clay deposit from parts of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geology and Mining Research 3, 57-66.
Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1995. Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23 (10), 921-924.
Gao, X, Zhang, X., Zhu, X., 2020. Provenance and Tectonic implications of palezoic strata in the south yellow sea Basin, China Reveled from the Bore hole CSDP – 2. Journal of Ocean University of China 19, 536-55.
Gary, S.K., 2008. Physical and Engineering Geology; 2nd Edition.
Ge, Q., Xue, Z.G., Chu, F., 2019. Distribution patterns of major and Trace elements and Provenance of surface sedimentation on the continental shelf of western Guangdong province and Northeastern Hainan Island. Journal of Ocean University of China 18, 849-858.
Grim, R.E., 1968. The Clay Mineralogy 2nd edition Mac Graw Hill, New York, pp. 596.
Harnois, L., 1988. The C. I. W. index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology 55, 319-322.
Hayashi, K., Fujisawa, H., Holland, H.D., Ohmoto, H., 1997. Geochemistry of 1.9 Ga sedimentary Rocks from Northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4115-4137.
Heinnonem, J.S., Bohrson, W.A., Spera, F.J., Brown, G.A., Scruggs, M.A., Adams, J.V., 2020. Diagnosing open system magmatic processes using the magma chamber Simulator (MCS): Part II trace elements and Isotopes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 175, 105-126.
Jubril, M.D., Amajor, L.C., 1991. Mineralogical a geochemical Aspects of the Afam clay (Miocene), Eastern Nigeria Delta. Nigeria Journal Mining and Geology 27, 95-105.
Kabeto, K., 2010. Sequential Compositional variation of Ethiopian flood basalt: Implication for Afar plume enriched component. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 2, 4-25.
Kabeto, K., Sawada, Y., Roser, B., 2009. Compositional Differences between Felsic Volcanic Rocks from the Margin and Center of the Northern Main Ethiopian Rift. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 1, 4-35.
Kabeto, K., Zenebe, A., Bheemalingeswara, K., Atshbeha, K., Gebresilassie, S., Amare, K., 2012. Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Clay and Lacustrine Deposits of Lake Ashenge Basin, Northern Ethiopia: Implication for Industrial Applications. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 4(2), 111-129.
Madharaju, J., Ramasamy, S., 2002. Petrography and geochemistry of Late Maastrichtian - Early Paleocene sediments of Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu - Paleoweathering and provenance implications. Journal of the Geological Society of India 59, 133-142.
McLennan, S.M., 1993. Weathering and global denudation. Journal of Geology 101, 295-303.
McLennan, S.M., Taylor, S.R., Eriksson, K.A., 1983. Geochemistry of Archean Shales from the Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47 (7), 1211-1222.
Mongelli, G., Cullers, R.L., Muelheisen, S., 1996. Geochemistry of Late Cretaceous-Oligocene shales from the Varicolori Formation, southern Apennines, Italy: implications for mineralogical, grain-size control and provenance. European Journal of Mineralogy 8, 733-754.
Murray, H.H., 2007. Clay industry materials and rocks, America Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineers, New York. Seeley W series pp. 259-284.
Murray, H.H., Keller, W.D., 1993. Kaolin, kaolin and kaolin. In: Murray, H. H., Bondy, W. and Harvey, C. (Eds.), Kaolin Genesis and utilization. The Clay Mineral Society (Special Publication), Aurora, USA, (1).
Ndjigui, P.D., Beauvais, A., Fadil-Djenabou, S., Ambrosi, J.P., 2014. Origin and evolution of Ngaye River alluvial sediments, Northern Cameroon: Geochemical constraints. Journal of African Earth Sciences 100, 164-187
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1989. Formation and Diagenesis of Weathering Profiles. The Journal of Geology 97, 129-147.
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., McLennan, S.M., Keays, R.R., 1982. Effects of chemical Weathering and sorting on the petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments, with implications for provenance studies. Journal of Geology 104:525-542.
Nwajide, C.S., 2005. A guide to geological field trips to Anambra and related basins in Southeastern Nigeria. Great AP Express Publishers Ltd.
Obrike, S.E., 2012. Evaluation of Imo clay-shale deposit (Paleocene) from Okada, Edo State, Southwestern Nigeria, as drilling mud clay. Journal of Applied Technology of Environmental Sanitation 1 (4), 311-316.
Obrike, S.E., Osadebe, C.C., Onyeobi, T.U.S., 2007. Mineralogical, geochemical, physical and industrial characteristics of shale from Okada area, southwestern Nigeria. Journal Mining and Geology 43 (2), 109-116.
Odigi, M.I., 1989. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of Tertiary sediments from the eastern Niger Delta and their relationship to petroleum occurrence. Journal of Petroleum Geology 10 (1), 101-114.
Okoye, I.P., Obi, C., 2011. Synthesis and Characterization of Al-Pillared Bentonite Clay Minerals. Research Journal of Applied Sciences 6, 447-450.
Onyekuru, S.O., Iwuoha, P.O., Iwuagwu, C.J., Nwozor, K.K., Opara K.D., 2018. Mineralogical and geochemical properties of Clay deposits in parts of Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 13 (14), 217-229
Oyinloye, A.O., 1991. Application of kaolinitic clays in Industrial Clay technology TERRA. A Journal of Environmental Concern 1 (1), 68-72.
Parker, A., 1970. An index of weathering for silicate rocks. Geological Magazine 107, 501-504.
Petters, S.W., Ekweozor, C.M., 1981. Origin of Cretaceous black shales in the Benue Trough, Nigeria. Journal of Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 40, 311-319.
Rahman, J., Suzuki, S., 2007. Geochemistry of sandstone from the Miocene Surma group, Bengal basin, Bangladesh: Implications for provenance, tectonic setting and weathering. Geochemical Journal 416), 415-428.
Reyment, R.A., 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan.
Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S., 2003. The Composition of the Continental Crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier–Pergamon, Oxford–London, Vol. 3: pp. 1-64.
Ruxton, B.P., 1968. Measures of the degree of chemical weathering of rocks. Journal of Geology 76 (5), 518-527.
Salihu, S.A., Suleiman, I.Y., 2018. Comparative analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of selected clays deposits found in Kebbi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Physical Sciences 13 (10), 163-173.
Short, K.C., Stauble, A.J., 1967. Outline of the Geology of Onitsha, Owerri and Benue Provinces. Geological Survey of Nigeria, Bulletin No. 21.
Singh, M., Sharma, M., Tobschall, H.J., 2005. Weathering of the Ganga alluvial plain, northern India: implications from fluvial geochemistry of Gomati River. Applied Geochemistry 20, 1-21.
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution: Blackwell, Oxford, 312 p.
Uchida, E., Osada, K., Nakoa, K., 2017. Major and Trace Element chemical compositional signatures of some granite rocks related to metal mineralization in Japan. Open Journal of Geology 7, 559-57.
Voicu, G., Bardouz, M., Harnois, L., Grepeau, R., 1997. Lithological and geochemeical environment of igneous and sedimentary rocks at Omai gold mine, Guyana, South America, Exploration and Mining Geology 6, 153-170.
Wang, H., Liu, Z., Sathiamurthy, E., Colin, C., Li, J., Zhao, Y., 2011. Clay mineralogy and elemental geochemistry of river surface sediments in Malay Peninsula and North Borneo. Science China: Earth Sciences 54, 272-282.
Voicu, G., Bardouz, M., Harnois, L., Grepeau, R., 1997. Lithological and geochemeical environment of igneous and sedimentary rocks at Omai gold mine, Guyana, South America, Exploration and Mining Geology 6, 153-170.
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