Cloudbursts Over Indian Sub-continent of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Traditional Habitation Input from Bansoli, District-Chamoli, India
Keywords:
Flash floods, Debris flows, Rock falls/slides, Possible Causes, Land Use, Central Himalaya, Traditional knowledgeAbstract
Although, the cloudburst occurs in the monsoon season but it may also happen in the premonsoon showers in Himalayan mountainous region of Uttarakhand sate. Every year, this causes massive loss of life, property, infrastructure, agricultural lands and other facilities. The earlier disasters show that the growing outbreak of rains and its associated flash floods, debris flows and landslides are important reasons for damages and destructions. It is not yet possible to find out, when and in which area the same events will be occurred, particularly in Uttarakhand region. Change in climate due to Global warming is the major concern for these extreme events. However, it's a topic of detailed research to assess impact of climate change on extreme rainfall pattern. Being a geo-dynamically active young Himalayan belt, here the rocks are highly faulted, folded, jointed and fractured resulting in an excessive amount of mass movements and environmental degradations. So, inherent geology, deep regolith cover and high relief difference are more common in the area and the same increases the vulnerability. In addition, human interventions in terms of construction of houses in instable mountainous slopes, over deep regolith and concentration of the streams/rivulets is enlarged the devastating potential of the disaster. It is very important to know the risk of the area to reduce the impact of the disaster. For this, it is important to know the history of previous disastrous events and take a lesson from them and plan ahead. Keeping all these things in mind, all known cloudburst events and their adverse impacts upon inhabitants of the area has been attempted to be compiled in the present study. Additionally, better land use practices also described in the same by an example. This will be help in further research to prevention, mitigation and disaster risk reduction in near future.
References
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Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., 2019. Flash floods in Himalaya with especial reference to Mori tehsil of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Current Research in Multidisciplinary 4 (9), 10-18.
Khanduri, S., 2018a. Hydro-meteorological disaster in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand Himalaya, causes and implications. Scholar’s press, Germany, 45.
Khanduri, S., 2018b. Landslide Distribution and Damages during 2013 Deluge: A Case Study of Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters 8 (2), 1-10.
Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., Rawat, A., 2018a. Disastrous Events on Kelash-Mansarowar Route, Dharchula Tehsil in Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in India. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change 9 (4), 1-4.
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Khanduri, S., 2017. Disaster Hit Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: Causes and Implications. Journal of
Geography and Natural Disasters 7 (3), 2-5.
Kumar, V.V.G., Jain, K., 2012. Monitoring and Analysis of Cloudburst Region using Geomantic Techniques. 13th Esri India User Conference 2012, 1-8.
Lewin, J., Warburton, J., 1994. Debris flows in an Alpine Environment. Geography 79 (343), 98-107.
Middlemiss, C. S., 1910. Kangara earthquake of 4th April 1905. Memoirs Geological Survey of India 39, 1-409.
NIDM, 2015. Uttarakhand Disaster 2013, National Institute of Disaster Management (Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India), New Delhi, India.
NIDM, 2014. Uttarakhand disaster-2013: lessons learnt and way ahead.
Naithani, A. K., 2001. The August, 1998 Okhimath tragedy in Rudraprayag district of Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, Inida. Gaia N° 16, LISBOA/KUSBON, JUNHO/JUNE 2001, 145-156.
Naithani, A.K., Rawat, G.S., Nawani, P.C., 2011. Investigation of Landslide Events on 12th July 2007 due to Cloudburst in Chamoli District, Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering 4, 777-786.
Naithani, A.K., Kumar, D., Prasad, C., 2002a. The catastrophic landslide of 16 July 2001 in Phata Byung area, Rudraprayag District, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science 82 (25), 921-923.
Naithani, A.K., Joshi, V., Prasad, C., 2002b. Investigation on the impact of cloudburst in Tehri District, Uttaranchal- 31 August, 2001. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60, 573-575.
Nand, N., Prasad, C., 1972. Alaknanda tragedy - A Geomorphological appraisal. Journal of Natural Geography, Varanasi 18, 206-212.
Nandargi, S., Dhar, O.N., 2011. Extreme rainfall events over the Himalayas between 1871 and 2007. Hydrological Sciences Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques 56 (6), 930-945.
Pal, D., Sharma, B.P., Lal, A.K., 1998. Degradation of land resources in MBT and MCT zones as a results of NNE-SSW trending linear Aravalli basement in Garhwal Himalaya. Pub. IN: Saxena, P.B. (ed) Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, 279-300.
Paul, S.K., Bartarya, S.K., Rautela, P., MahajanA.K., 2000. Catastrophic mass movement of 1998 monsoons at Malpa in Kali Valley, Kumaun Himalaya_India. Geomorphology 35, 169-180.
Pierson, T.C., 1980. Piezometric response to rainstorms in forested hillslope drainage depressions. Journal of Hydrology of New Zealand 19, 1-10.
Pradhan, B., Dikshit, A., Sarkar, R., Segoni, S., Alamri, A.M., 2020. Rainfall Induced Landslide Studies in Indian Himalayan Region: A Critical Review. Applied Sciences 10, 1-24.
Prakesh, S., 2015a. A study on flash floods and landslides Disaster on 3rd August, 2012 along Bhagirathi valley in Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, 230.
Prakesh, S., 2015b. Some Socio-Economically Significant Landslides in Uttarakhand Himalaya: Events, Consequences and Lessons Learnt (200-211). Rajib Shaw and Hari Krishna Nibanupudi (eds.), Mountain Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer Japan. 271.
Rajendran, C. P., Rajendran, K., Sanwal, J., Sandiford, M., 2013. Archaeological and Historical Database on theMedieval Earthquakes of the Central Himalaya: Ambiguities and Inferences. Seismological Research Letters 84(6), 1098-1108.
Rautela, P., 2018. Lessons learnt from June 16/17, 2013 disaster of Uttarakhand, India. Rajib Shaw, Koichi Shiwaku and Takako Izumi (eds.), Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in India, Potentials and Challenges, 273-300.
Rautela, P., Pande, R.K., 2005. Traditional inputs in disaster management: the case of Amparav, North India. International Journal of Environmental Studies 62 (5), 505-515.
Rautela, P., Joshi, G.C., Bhaisora, B., 2011. Seismic vulnerability of the health infrastructure in the Himalayan township of Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 2 (3), 200-209.
Sah, M.P., Mazari, R.K., 2007. An overview of the Geoenvironmental status of the Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Mountain Science 4, 3-23.
Sah, M.P., Asthana, A.K.L., Rawat, B.S., 2003. Cloud burst of August 10, 2002 and related landslides and debris flows around Budha Kedar (Thati Kathur) in Balganga valley, district Tehri. Himalayan Geology 24 (2), 87-101.
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