Disastrous events of 2021 in Uttarakhand Province of India: Causes, Consequences and Suggestions for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Keywords:
Cloudburst, Flash flood, Heavy rainfall, Landslide, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)Abstract
The Central Himalayan state of Uttarakhand in Indian subcontinent has a long disastrous history before its creation because of various natural hazards like earthquake, landslide, flood, flash flood, cloudburst, glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), and landslide lake outburst flood (LLOF). These events caused massive loss of lives, property and infrastructure in the same region. Adverse impact on local inhabitants as also pilgrims and tourists across the country and abroad due to the same. Recently, throughout the pre-monsoon, during monsoon and post-monsoon periods heavy downpour, cloudburst, rock fall, debris flow, avalanche, flood/flash flood occurred in many places of the state. Causing 308 people were killed, 61 people went missing and 105 people were injured while 1048 farm animals lost in these incidences. Except for, about 5729 houses were fully damaged and 18.5 ha of agriculture fields were also washed away in these incidences. These are mainly attributed to changes in weather regime and abnormal rainfall patterns together with indiscriminate manner human initiatives in high-risk areas. The main purpose of this research is to highlight the recent disastrous issues. As also find out the possible causes of recent disastrous incidences and suggestions for reduction of disaster risk within the region.
References
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Meena, S.R., Bhuyan, K., Chauhan, A., Singh R.P., 2021b. Changes in the flood plains and water quality along the Himalayan rivers after the Chamoli disaster of 7 February 2021. International Journal of Remote Sensing 42 (18), 6984-7001.
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Nandargi, S., Gaur, A. Mulye, S.S., 2016. Hydrological analysis of extreme rainfall events and severe rainstorms over Uttarakhand, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal 61 (12), 2145-2163.
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Prakesh, S., 2015. Some Socio-Economically Significant Landslides in Uttarakhand Himalaya: Events, Consequences and Lessons Learnt (200-211). Rajib Shaw and Hari KrishnaNibanupudi (eds.), Mountain Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer Japan, 271.
Prakash, B., Kumar, K., Joshi, V., Goyal, D., 2021. Causes of the triggering of Chamoli glacier burst of 7th February 2021 in Uttarakhand, India. Disaster Advances 14 (7), 60-67.
Rana, N., Sundriyal, Y., Sharma, S., Khan, F., Kaushik, S., Chand, P., Bagri, D.S., Sati, S.P., Juyal, N., 2021. Hydrological Characteristics of 7th February 2021 Rishi Ganga Flood: Implication towards Understanding Flood Hazards in Higher Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India 97, 827–835.
Rautela, P., 2018. Lessons learnt from June 16/17, 2013 disaster of Uttarakhand, India. Rajib Shaw, Koichi Shiwaku and Takako Izumi (eds.), Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in India. Potentials and Challenges 273-300.
Rautela, P., Khanduri, S., Kundalia, S., Joshi, G.C., Jugran, R., 2021. Sequential Damming Induced Winter Season Flash Flood in Uttarakhand Province of India. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 2 (2), 61-71.
Sah, M.P., Asthana, A.K.L., Rawat, B.S., 2003. Cloud burst of August 10, 2002 and related landslides and debris flows around Budha Kedar (Thati Kathur) in Balganga valley, district Tehri. Himalayan Geology 24 (2), 87-101.
Sain, K., Kumar, A., Mehta, M., Verma, A., Tiwari, S.K., Garg, P.K., Kumar, V., Rai, S.K., Srivastava, P., Sen, K., 2021. A Perspective on Rishiganga-Dhauliganga Flash Flood in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 97 (4), 335-338.
Sapkota, S.N., Bollinger, L., Perrier, F., 2016. Fatality rates of the Mw ~8.2, 1934, Bihar–Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Earth, Planets and Space 68 (40), 1-9.
Sarkar, S., Kanungo, D.P., 2010. Landslide disaster on Berinag-Munsiyari Road, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand. Current Science 98 (7), 900-902.
Sati, S. P., Sundriyal, Y.P., Rana, N., Dangwal, S., 2011. Recent landslides in Uttarakhand: Nature's fury or human folly. Current Science 100 (11), 1617-1620.
Sharma, S., Sati, P.S., Sundriyal, Y.P., Dobhal, H., 2021. The 23rd April, 2021 Snow Avalanche, Girthi Ganga post the 7th February, 2021 Rishi Ganga Flash flood: Are these Events linked to Climate Warming in the Western Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society of India 97, 975-979.
Shroder, J.F., Bishop, M.P., 1998. Mass movement in the Himalaya: new insights and research directions. Geomorphology 26 (1-3), 13-35.
Shugar, D.H., Jacquemart, M., Shean, D., Bhushan, S., Upadhyay, K., Sattar, A., Schwanghart, W., Van Wyk De Vries, S., Vestoby M.J., 2021. A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. Science 373 (6552), 300-306.
Trenberth, K.E., 2011. Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research 47, 123-138.
Valdiya, K.S., 1980. Geology of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, India. 291p.
Valdiya, K.S., 1989. Trans-Himadri intracrustal fault and basement upwarps south of the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 232, 153-168.
Valdiya, K.S., Goel, O.P., 1983. Lithological subdivision and petrology of the great Himalayan Vaikrita Group in Kumaon Himalaya, India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences 92, 141-163.
Villanueva, V.R., Allen, S., Arora M., Goel, N.K., Stoffel M., 2017. Recent catastrophic landslide lake outburst floods in the Himalayan mountain range. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41 (1), 3-28.
Asthana, A.K.L., Asthana, H., 2014. Geomorphic Control of Cloud Bursts and Flash Floods in Himalaya with Special Reference to Kedarnath Area of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of
Advancement in Earth and Environmental Sciences 2 (1), 16-24.
Atkinson, E.T., 1886. The Himalayan districts of the North West Province of India (forming volume XII of the Gazetteer NWP, Allahabad), Reprint 1996, The Himalayan Gazetteer, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun, India.
Auden, J.B., 1949. In Director’s General report for 1939. Record of Geological Survey of India 78, 74-78.
Bist, K.S., Sah, M.P., 1999. The devastating landslide of August 1998 in Ukhimath area, Rudraprayag district, Garhwal Himalaya. Current Science 76 (4), 481-484.
Dandabathula, G., Sitiraju, S.R., Jha, C.S., 2021. Investigating the 7th February, 2021 Landslide Triggered Flash Flood in the Himalayan Region Using Geospatial Techniques. European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 2 (4), 75-86.
Dasgupta, S., Mukhopadhyay, B., 2004. 1803 Earthquake in Garhwal Himalaya-Archival materials with commentary. Indian Journal of History of Science 49 (1), 21-33.
Dikshit, A., Sarkar, R., Pradhan, B., Segoni, S., Alamri, A.M., 2020. Rainfall Induced Landslide Studies in Indian Himalayan Region: A Critical Review. Applied Sciences 10, 1-24.
Goswami, B.N., Venugopal, V., Sengupta, D., Madhusoodanan, M. S., Xavier, P.K., 2006. Increasing Trend of Extreme Rain Events Over India in a Warming Environment. Science 314, 1442-1445.
Guhathakurta, P., Sreejith, O.P., Menon, P.A., 2011. Impact of climate change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India. Journal of Earth System Science 120 (3), 359-373.
Heim, A., Gansser, A., 1939. Central Himalaya: Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles 73, 1-245.
Hubbard, M. Mukul, M., Gajurel, A.P. Ghosh, A., Srivastava, V., Giri, B., Seifert, N., Mendoza, M., 2021. Orogenic Segmentation and Its Role in Himalayan Mountain Building. Frontiers in Earth Science 9, 1-16.
IS 1983, 2002. Indian Standard (IS):1893, Part 1, Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Jain, S.K., Murty, C.V.R., Arlekar, J.N., Rajendran, C.P., Rajendran, K., Sinha, R., 1999. Chamoli (Himalaya, India) Earthquake of 29 March 1999. EERI Special Earthquake Report, EERI Newsletter 33 (7), 1-18.
Jiang, J., Zhang, L., Peng, D., He, X., He, J., 2021. The landslide hazard Chain in the Tapovan of the Himalayas on 7 February 2021. Geophysical Research Letters 48, 1-11.
Khanduri, S., 2017. Disaster Hit Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: Causes and Implications. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters 7(3), 1-5.
Khanduri, S., 2020. Cloudbursts Over Indian Sub-continent of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Traditional Habitation Input from Bansoli, District-Chamoli, India. International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications 2 (2), 48-63.
Khanduri, S., 2021a. Flash Flood struck Dhauliganga valley on February 7, 2021: A Case study of Chamoli district of Uttarakhand Himalaya in India. Academic Platform Journal of Natural Hazards and Disaster Management 2(1), 1-15.
Khanduri, S., 2021b. Damming Rishiganga in Chamoli District on the aftermath of Flash Flood Disaster of February 7, 2021: Case Study. Disaster Science and Engineering 7 (1), 1-10.
Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., Rawat, A., Dhyani, C., Kapoor, S., 2018a. Disaster in Rudraprayag District of Uttarakhand Himalaya: A Special Emphasis on Geomorphic Changes and Slope Instability. Journal of Geography and Natural Disasters 8 (1), 1-9.
Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., Rawat, A., 2018b. Disastrous Events on Kelash-Mansarowar Route, Dharchula Tehsil in Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand in India. Journal of Earth Science and Climatic Change 9 (4), 1-4.
Khanduri, S., Sajwan, K.S., 2019. Flash floods in Himalaya with special reference to Mori Tehsil of Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Current Research in Multidisciplinary (IJCRM) 4 (9), 10-18.
Kumar, V., Jain, S.K., Singh, Y., 2010. Analysis of long-term rainfall trends in India. Hydrological Sciences Journal 55 (4), 484-496.
Kumar, S., Mahajan, A.K., 1994. The Uttarkashi earthquake of 20 October 1991: field observations. Terra Nova 6 (1), 95-99.
Loo, Y. Y., Billa, L., Singh, A., 2015. Effect of climate change on seasonal monsoon in Asia and its impact on the variability of monsoon rainfall in Southeast Asia. Geoscience Frontiers 6, 817-823.
Mahta, M., Kumar, V., Sain, K., Tiwari, S.K., Kumar, A., Verma, A., 2021. Causes and Consequences of Rishiganga flash flood, Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Central Himalaya, India. Current Science 121 (11), 1883-1487.
Martha, T.R., Roy, P., Jain, N., Kumar, V.K., Reddy, P.S., Nalini, J., Sharma, S.V.S.P., Shukla, A.K., Rao, D. K.H.V., Narender, B., Rao, P.V.N., Muralikrishnan, S., 2021. Rock avalanche induced flash flood on 07 February 2021 in Uttarakhand, India - a photogeological reconstruction of the event. Landslides 18, 2881-2893.
Meena, S.R., Bhuyan, K., Chauhan, A., Singh, R.P., 2021a. Snow covered with dust after Chamoli rockslide: inference based on high-resolution satellite data. Remote Sensing Letters 12 (7), 704-714.
Meena, S.R., Bhuyan, K., Chauhan, A., Singh R.P., 2021b. Changes in the flood plains and water quality along the Himalayan rivers after the Chamoli disaster of 7 February 2021. International Journal of Remote Sensing 42 (18), 6984-7001.
Middlemis, C.S., 1910. Kangara earthquake of 4th April, 1905, Mem. Geol. Soc. Surv. India 39, 1-409.
Naithani, A.K., Kumar, D., Prasad, C., 2002. The catastrophic landslide of 16 July 2001 in Phata Byung area, Rudraprayag District, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science 82 (25), 921-923.
Nandargi, S., Gaur, A. Mulye, S.S., 2016. Hydrological analysis of extreme rainfall events and severe rainstorms over Uttarakhand, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal 61 (12), 2145-2163.
Paul, S.K., Bartarya, S.K., Rautela P., Mahajan, A.K., 2000. Catastrophic mass movement of 1998 monsoons at Malpa in Kali Valley, Kumaun Himalaya India. Geomorphology 35, 169-180.
Prakesh, S., 2015. Some Socio-Economically Significant Landslides in Uttarakhand Himalaya: Events, Consequences and Lessons Learnt (200-211). Rajib Shaw and Hari KrishnaNibanupudi (eds.), Mountain Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction, Disaster Risk Reduction, Springer Japan, 271.
Prakash, B., Kumar, K., Joshi, V., Goyal, D., 2021. Causes of the triggering of Chamoli glacier burst of 7th February 2021 in Uttarakhand, India. Disaster Advances 14 (7), 60-67.
Rana, N., Sundriyal, Y., Sharma, S., Khan, F., Kaushik, S., Chand, P., Bagri, D.S., Sati, S.P., Juyal, N., 2021. Hydrological Characteristics of 7th February 2021 Rishi Ganga Flood: Implication towards Understanding Flood Hazards in Higher Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India 97, 827–835.
Rautela, P., 2018. Lessons learnt from June 16/17, 2013 disaster of Uttarakhand, India. Rajib Shaw, Koichi Shiwaku and Takako Izumi (eds.), Science and Technology in Disaster Risk Reduction in India. Potentials and Challenges 273-300.
Rautela, P., Khanduri, S., Kundalia, S., Joshi, G.C., Jugran, R., 2021. Sequential Damming Induced Winter Season Flash Flood in Uttarakhand Province of India. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences 2 (2), 61-71.
Sah, M.P., Asthana, A.K.L., Rawat, B.S., 2003. Cloud burst of August 10, 2002 and related landslides and debris flows around Budha Kedar (Thati Kathur) in Balganga valley, district Tehri. Himalayan Geology 24 (2), 87-101.
Sain, K., Kumar, A., Mehta, M., Verma, A., Tiwari, S.K., Garg, P.K., Kumar, V., Rai, S.K., Srivastava, P., Sen, K., 2021. A Perspective on Rishiganga-Dhauliganga Flash Flood in the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 97 (4), 335-338.
Sapkota, S.N., Bollinger, L., Perrier, F., 2016. Fatality rates of the Mw ~8.2, 1934, Bihar–Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Earth, Planets and Space 68 (40), 1-9.
Sarkar, S., Kanungo, D.P., 2010. Landslide disaster on Berinag-Munsiyari Road, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand. Current Science 98 (7), 900-902.
Sati, S. P., Sundriyal, Y.P., Rana, N., Dangwal, S., 2011. Recent landslides in Uttarakhand: Nature's fury or human folly. Current Science 100 (11), 1617-1620.
Sharma, S., Sati, P.S., Sundriyal, Y.P., Dobhal, H., 2021. The 23rd April, 2021 Snow Avalanche, Girthi Ganga post the 7th February, 2021 Rishi Ganga Flash flood: Are these Events linked to Climate Warming in the Western Himalaya. Journal of Geological Society of India 97, 975-979.
Shroder, J.F., Bishop, M.P., 1998. Mass movement in the Himalaya: new insights and research directions. Geomorphology 26 (1-3), 13-35.
Shugar, D.H., Jacquemart, M., Shean, D., Bhushan, S., Upadhyay, K., Sattar, A., Schwanghart, W., Van Wyk De Vries, S., Vestoby M.J., 2021. A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. Science 373 (6552), 300-306.
Trenberth, K.E., 2011. Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research 47, 123-138.
Valdiya, K.S., 1980. Geology of the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra Dun, India. 291p.
Valdiya, K.S., 1989. Trans-Himadri intracrustal fault and basement upwarps south of the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 232, 153-168.
Valdiya, K.S., Goel, O.P., 1983. Lithological subdivision and petrology of the great Himalayan Vaikrita Group in Kumaon Himalaya, India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences 92, 141-163.
Villanueva, V.R., Allen, S., Arora M., Goel, N.K., Stoffel M., 2017. Recent catastrophic landslide lake outburst floods in the Himalayan mountain range. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41 (1), 3-28.
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