Techno-Economic Evaluation of Soilless Greenhouse Clusters: Part 1: The Geothermal GOAZ (Greenhouse Organized Agricultural Zone) Model in Türkiye
Keywords:
Geothermal greenhouse, Geothermal GOAZ (Greenhouse Organized Agricultural Zone), Agro-industrial clustering, Public-Private Partnership (PPP), ESG metrics, Industrial symbiosisAbstract
In recent years, global crises, geopolitical conflicts, and climate change have brought food security to the forefront of the macroeconomic agenda and necessitated a transition to technology-intensive agricultural systems. This study presents a comprehensive techno-economic evaluation of soilless greenhouse clusters, drawing on a nationwide empirical case study of the Geothermal GOAZ (Greenhouse Organized Agricultural Zone) model in Turkiye. The analysis examines in detail the cost-reducing effect of centralized geothermal heating, its capacity to make agricultural production independent of fossil-fuel price shocks, and the stability of market supply dynamics in the context of the Cobweb Theorem. Additionally, this framework evaluates the integration of industrial symbiosis, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) governance, and the structural alignment between the EU Green Deal and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Statistical regression models empirically demonstrate the project’s high financial predictability and confirm that spatial clustering meticulously optimizes capital expenditures (CAPEX) through economies of scale. The study also highlights the model’s strong Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, particularly in generating zero-emission carbon credits and promoting rural employment that supports gender equality. In conclusion, the Geothermal GOAZ model offers a mathematically validated, financially reliable, and scalable framework for sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, by integrating shallow geothermal heat pump technologies into the model, this central clustering model becomes globally applicable across all geographic and climatic conditions, including regions without hydrothermal resources.
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