Land Use Land Cover Classification for Africa – A Case of The Republic of Ghana Using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Keywords:
Land Use and Land Cover Changes , Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Urbanization and Urban Sprawl, Biodiversity and Ecosystem ImpactsAbstract
Examining the interaction between global climatic systems, biodiversity, and socioeconomic development depends on understanding Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes. Notwithstanding major Earth observation and remote sensing developments, Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, remains underrepresented in LULC studies. Following PRISMA principles, this study fills this need by methodically examining LULC investigations carried out in Ghana between 2000 and 2024. This study examined spatiotemporal trends, environmental determinants, and methodological frameworks in LULC research as well as peer-reviewed literature closely. Particularly from MODIS and Landsat, remote sensing data became clear as indispensable instruments for tracking LULC changes, exposing inter-zonal fluctuations affected by urbanization, climatic variability, mining activity, and socioeconomic pressures, including poverty and population increase. Important issues found are land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, combined with unsustainable farming methods and illicit mining. The results show the important part geospatial technology plays in monitoring LULC changes and guiding adaptive land management plans. Refining LULC models and supporting sustainable development initiatives through satellite data integration with local ground-based observations is advised. Achieving Ghana's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in poverty reduction, sustainable cities, climate action, and biodiversity preservation, depend on addressing LULC problems. This study emphasizes the need for LULC research in directing policy formation and supporting sustainable resource management, therefore providing actionable insights for combining environmental preservation with socioeconomic development.
References
Abass, K., Adanu, S.K., Gyasi, R.M., 2018. Urban Sprawl and Land Use/Land-Cover Transition Probabilities in Peri-Urban Kumasi, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 26 (SI), 118-132.
Abass, K., Afriyie, K., Gyasi, R.M., 2019. From Green to Grey: The Dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover Change in Urban Ghana. Landscape Research 44 (8), 909-921, https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2018.1552251.
Ackom, E.K., Adjei, K.A., Odai, S.N., 2020. Monitoring Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes due to Extensive Urbanization in the Odaw River Basin of Accra, Ghana, 1991-2030. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00746-5.
Addae, B., Oppelt, N., 2019. Land-Use/Land-Cover Change Analysis and Urban Growth Modelling in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana. Urban Science 3 (26) 1-20, https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010026.
Adjei, P.O.W., Buor, D., Addrah, P., 2014. Geo-Spatial Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Geography 6, 1-23.
Akbari, S., Habibi, H., Khosravi, R., 2018. Key drivers of land use changes: A meta-synthesis. Land Use Policy 72, 391-403.
Akpoti, K., Antwi, E.O., Kabo-bah- A.T., 2016. Impacts of Rainfall Variability, Land Use and Land Cover Change on Stream Flow of the Black Volta Basin, West Africa. Hydrology 3 (26), 1-24, https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3030026.
Akpoti, K., Kabo-Bah, A.T., Zwart, S.J. 2019. Agricultural land suitability analysis for sustainable food production in Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 243, 324-339.
Akodewou, A., Oszwald, J., Saidi, S., Gazull, L., Akpavi, S., Akpagama, K., Gond, V., 2020. Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics Analysis of the Togodo Protected Area and its Surroundings in Southeastern Togo, West Africa. Sustainability 12 (5439), 1-20, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135439.
Al-Hamdan, M.Z., Oduor, P., Flores, A.I., Kotikot, S.M., Mugo, R., Ababu, J., Farah, H., 2017. Evaluating land cover changes in Eastern and Southern Africa from 2000 to 2010 using validated Landsat and MODIS data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 58, 8-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.04.007.
Ampadu B., 2021. Overview of Hydrological and Climatic Studies in Africa: The Case of Ghana. Cogent Eng, 8(1914288):1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2021.1914288.
Amproche, A.A., Antwi, M., Kabo-Bah, A.T., 2020. Geospatial Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Patterns in the Black Volta Basin, Ghana. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS 9 (269), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.35248/2469-4134.20.9.269.
Ampim, P.A.Y., Ogbe, M., Obeng, E., Akley, E. K., MacCarthy, D.S., 2021. Land Cover Changes in Ghana over the Past 24 Years. Sustainability 13 (4951), 1-23, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094951.
Aniah, P., Bawakyillenuo, S., Codjoe, S.N.A., Dzanku, F.M., 2023. Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection and Prediction Based on CA-Markov Chain in the Savannah Ecological Zone of Ghana. Environmental Challenges 10 (100664), 1-11.
Antwi, E.K., Boakye-Danquah, J., Asabere, S.B., Yiran, G.A.B., Loh, S.K., Awere, K.G., Abagale, F.K., Asubonteng, K.O., Attua, E.M., Owusu, A.B., 2014. Land Use and Landscape Structural Changes in the Ecoregions of Ghana. Journal of Disaster Research 9 (4), 452.467.
Appiah, D.O., Schroder, D., Forkuo, E.K., Bugri, J.T., 2015. Application of Geo-Information Techniques in Land Use and Land Cover Analysis in a Peri-Urban District of Ghana. Geo-Information 4, 1265-1289, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijig4031256.
Appiah, D.O., Forkuo, E.K., Bugri, J.T., Apreku, T.O., 2017. Geospatial Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Transitions from 1986-2014 in a Peri-Urban Ghana. Geosciences 7 (125), 1-23, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7040125.
Asante, F.A., Amuakwa-Mensah, F., 2015. Climate Change and Variability in Ghana: Stocktaking. Climate 3:78-99. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli3010078.
Asare-Nuamah, P., Botchway, E., 2019. Understanding Climate Variability and Change: Analysis of Temperature and Rainfall across Agroecological Zones in Ghana. Heliyon 5 (e02654), 1-16.
Asare, A., Thodsen, H., Antwi, M., Opuni-Frimpong, E., Sanful, P.O., 2021. Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Lake Bosumtwi Watershed, Ghana (West Africa). Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (100536), 1-13.
Asibey, M.O., Agyemang, K.O., Amponsah, O., Ansah, T., 2020. Patterns of Land Use, Crop and Forest Cover Change in the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 39 (1), 35-60, https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1608453.
Awotwi, A., Anornu, G.K., Quaye-Ballard, J.A., Annor, T., 2018. Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Changes due to Extensive Gold Mining, Urban Expansion, and Agriculture in the Pra River Basin of Ghana, 1986-2025. Land Degradation & Development 29, 3331-3343. https://doi.org/10.10002/ldr.3093.
Baidoo, R., Arko-Adjei, A., Poku-Boansi, M., Quaye-Ballard, J.A., Somuah, D.P., 2023. Land Use and Land Cover Changes Implications on Biodiversity in the Owabi Catchment of Atwima Nwabiagya North District, Ghana. Heliyon 9 (e15238), 1-16.
Barnieh, B.A., Jia, L., Menenti, M., Jiang, M., Zhou, J., Lv, Y., Zeng, Y., Bennour, A., 2022. Quantifying Spatial Reallocation of Land Use/Land Cover Categories in West Africa. Ecological Indicators 135 (108556), 1-12.
Barnieh, B.A., Jia, L., Menenti, M., Zhou, J., Zeng, Y., 2020. Mapping Land Use Land Cover Transitions at Different Spatiotemporal Scales in West Africa. Sustainability 1298565, 1-50. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208565.
Basnet, B., Vodacek, A., 2015. Tracking Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Cloud Prone Areas using Moderate Resolution Satellite Data: A Case Study in Central Africa. Remote Sensing 7, 6683-6709. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70606683.
Basommi, P.L., Guan, Q., Cheng, D., 2015. Exploring Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Mining Areas of Wa East District, Ghana using Satellite Imagery. Open Geosciences 1, 618-626. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2015-0058
Basommi, L.P., Guan, Q., Cheng, D., 2016. Dynamics of land use change in a mining area: A case study of Nadowli District, Ghana. Journal of Mountain Science 13 (4), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-015-3706-4.
Berakhi, R.O., Oyana, T.J., Adu-Prah, S., 2015. Land Use and Land Cover Change and its Implications in Kagera River Basin, East Africa. African Geographical Review 34 (3), 209-231, https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2014.912140.
Biney, E., Boakye, E., 2021. Urban Sprawl and its Impact on Land Use Land Cover Dynamics of Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly, Ghana. Environmental Challenges 4 (100168), 1-10.
Bettany-Saltikoy, J., 2010. Learning how to Undertake a Systematic Review: Part 2. Nursing Standard 24 (51), 47-56.
Boakye, E., Anyemedu, F.O.K., Quaye-Ballard, J.A., Donkor, E.A., 2019. Spatio-temporal Analysis of Land Use/Cover Changes in the Pra River Basin, Ghana. Applied Geomatics 12, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-019-00278-3.
Boakye, E., Odai, S.N., Adjei, K.A., Annor, F.O., 2008. Landsat Images for Assessment of the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on the Barekese Catchment in Ghana. European Journal of Scientific Research 21 (4), 617-626.
Botwe, B.O., Ntow, W.J., Nyarko, E., 2012. Pesticide Contamination in Groundwater and Streams Draining Vegetable Plantations in the Ofinso District, Ghana. Soil Health and Land Use Management 4, 51-66.
Braimoh, A.K., Vlek, P.L.G., 2005. Land-Cover Change Trajectories in Northern Ghana. Environmental Management 36 (3), 356-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0283-7.
Cecchi, G., Mattioli, R.C., Slingenbergh, J., Rocque, S.D.L., 2008. Land Cover and Tsetse fly Distributions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 22, 364-373.
Cloete, D.N., Shoko, C., Dube, T., Clarke, S., 2024. Remote Sensing-based Land Use Land Cover Classification for the Heuningnes Catchment, Cape Agulhas, South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 134 (103559), 1-8.
Cobbinah, P.B., Poku-Boansi, M., Peprah, C., 2017. Urban Environmental Problems in Ghana. Environ Dev 23:33-46
Coulter, L.L., Stow, D.A., Tsai, Y.H., Ibanez, N., Shih, H.C., Kerr, A., Benza, M., Weeks, J.R., Mensah, F., 2016. Classification and Assessment of Land Cover and Land Use Change in Southern Ghana using Dense Stacks of Landsat 7 ETM+ Imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 184, 396-409
Dias, T., Monteiro, M., Oliveira, P., 2022. Exploring urban land use impacts on global environmental changes: A systematic review. Environmental Research, 214, 113807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113807.
Donkor, E., Osei Jnr, E.M., Adu-Bredu, S., Andam-Akorful, S.A., Kwarteng, E.V.S., Yevugah, L.L., 2022. Application of Parametric and Non-Parametric Classifiers for Assessing Land Use/Land Cover Categories in Cocoa Landscape of Juaboso and Bia West Districts of Ghana. Journal of Geoscience and Environmental Protection 10, 265-281.
Ekumah, B., Armah, F.A., Afrifa, E.K.A., Aheto, D.W., Odoi, J.O., Afitiri, A.R., 2020. Assessing Land Use and Land Cover Change in Coastal Urban Wetlands of International Importance in Ghana using Intensity Analysis. Wetlands Ecology Management 25 271-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-020-09712-5.
Fairbanks, D.H.K., Thompson, M.W., Vink, D.E., Newby, T.S., van den Berg, H.M., Everard, D.A., 2000. The South African Land-Cover Characteristics Database: A Synopsis of the Landscape. South African Journal of Science 96, 69-82.
Ferraguti, M., García-Carrasco, J.M., Muñoz, A.R., López, R., Roiz, D., 2023. Land-use and land-cover effects on vector-borne diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecological Indicators 148, 110154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110154.
Fritz, S., See, L., Rembold, F., 2010. Comparison of Global and Regional Land Cover Maps with Statistical Information for the Agricultural Domain in Africa. International Journal of Remote Sensing 39 (9), 2237-2256. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160902946598.
Garcia-Alvarez, D., Olmedo, M.T.C., Paegelow, M., Mas, J.F., 2022. Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools: Validation Practices with QGIS. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 459pp, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7.
Gbedzi, D.D., Ofosu, E.A., Mortey, E.M., Obiri-Yeboah, A., Nyantakyi, E.K., Siabi, E.K., Abdallah, F., Domfeh, M.K., Amankwah-Minkah, A., 2022. Impact of Mining on Land Use Land Cover Change and Water Quality in the Asutifi North District of Ghana, West Africa. Environmental Challenges 6 (100441), 1-15.
Hackman, K.O., Gong, P., Wang, J., 2017. New Land-Cover Maps of Ghana for 2015 using Landsat 8 and Three Popular Classifiers for Biodiversity Assessment. International Journal of Remote Sensing 38 (14), 4008-4021, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1312619.
Houessou, L.G., Teka, O., Imorou, I.T., Lykke, A.M., Sinsin, B., 2013. Land Use and Land-Cover Change at “W” Biosphere Reserve and its Surroundings Areas in Benin Republic (West Africa). Environment and Natural Resources Research 3 (2), 87-101.
Huo, A., Samuel, A.B., Li, M., Zheng, Z., Xia, J., Zhang, X., Zhou, G., 2020. Land Use and Land Cover Change of Ghana. IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4279-4282.
Issahaku, A.R., Campion, B.B., Edziyie, R., 2016. Rainfall and Temperature Changes and Variability in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Earth and Space Science 3, 284-294. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EA000161.
Kgaphola, M.J., Ramoelo, A., Odindi, J., Mwenge Kahinda, J.M., Seetal, A.R., Musvoto, C., 2023. Impact of Land Use and Land Cover on Land Degradation in Rural Semi-Arid South Africa: Case of the Greater Sekhukhune District Municipality. Environ Monit Assess 195 (710), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11104-0.
Kindu, M., Schneider, T., Teketay, D., Knoke, T., 2013. Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis using Object-Based Classification Approach in Munessa-Shashemene Landscape of the Ethiopian Highlands. Remote Sensing 5, 2411-2435. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5052411.
Kiptala, J.K., Mohamed, Y., Mul, M.L., Cheema, M.J.M., Van der Zaag, P., 2013. Land Use and Land Cover Classification using Phenological Variability from MODIS Vegetation in the Upper Pangani River Basin, Eastern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 66, 112-122.
Kleemann, J., Baysal, G., Bulley, H.N.N., Furst, C., 2017. Assessing Driving Forces of Land Use and Land Cover Change by a Mixed-Method Approach in North-Eastern Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Environmental Management 196, 411-442.
Koranteng, A., Adu-Poku, I., Donkor, E., Zawila-Niedzwiecki, T., 2020. Geospatial Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Mid-Zone of Ghana. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series A-Forestry 62 (1), 288-305.
Kouassi, J.L., Gyau, A., Diby, L., Bene, Y., Kouame, C., 2021. Assessing Land Use and Land Cover Change and Farmers’ Perceptions of Deforestation and Land Degradation in South-West Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa. Land 10 (429), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040429.
Kullo, E.D., Forkuo, E.K., Biney, E., Harris, E., Quaye-Ballard, J.A., 2021. The Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Socioeconomic Factors and Livelihood in the Atwima Nwabiagya District of the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Environmental Challenges 5 (100226), 1-8.
Kumi, S., Addo-Fordjour, P., Fei-Baffoe, B., Belford, E.J.D., Ameyaw, Y., 2021. Land Use Land Cover Dynamics and Fragmentation-Induced Changes in Woody Plant Community Structure in a Mining Landscape, Ghana. Trees, Forests and People 4 (100070), 1-13.
Kusimi, J.M., 2008. Assessing Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Wassa West District of Ghana using Remote Sensing. GeoJournal 71, 249-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9172-6.
Larbi, I., 2023. Land Use-Land Cover Change in the Tano Basin, Ghana and the Implications on Sustainable Development Goals. Heliyon 9 (e14859), 1-7.
Lefulebe, B., Van der Walt, A., Xulu, S., 2022. Fine-scale classification of Urban Land Use and Land Cover with Planetscope Imagery and Machine Learning Strategies in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. Sustainability 14 (9139), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159139.
Lemenkova, P., 2021. Geophysical Mapping of Ghana using Advanced Cartographic Tool GMT. KiG Br 20 (36), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.32929/kg.20.36.2.
Mayaux, P., Bartholome, E., Fritz, S., Belward, A., 2004. A new Land-Cover Map of Africa for the year 2000. Journal of Biogeography 31, 861-877.
Midekisa, A., Holl, F., Savory, D.J., Andrade-Pacheco, R., Gething, P.W., Benneth, A., Sturrock, H.J.W., 2017. Mapping Land Cover Change Over Continental Africa using Landsat and Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing. PLoS ONE 12 (9), e0184926, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184926.
Mucova, S.A.R., Filho, W.L., Azeiteiro, U.M., Pereira, M.J., 2018. Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes from 1979 to 2017 and Biodiversity & Land Management Approach in Quirimbas National Park, Northern Mozambique, Africa. Global Ecology and Conservation 16 (e00447), 1-17.
Munga, S., Yakob, L., Mushinzimana, E., Zhou, G., Ouna, T., Minakawa, N., Githeko, A., Yan, G., 2009. Land Use and Land Cover Changes and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Anopheline Larval Habitats during a Four-year Period in a Highland Community of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 81 (6), 1079-1084. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0156.
Musetsho, K. D., Chitakira, M., Nel W. 2021. Mapping Land-Use/Land-Cover Change in a Critical Biodiversity Area of South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (10164), 1-14.
Namugize, J.N., Jewitt, G., Graham, M., 2018. Effects of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Water Quality in the uMngeni River Catchment, South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 105, 247-264.
Nedd, D.A., Seo, J.H., Carter, W., 2021. Land use/land cover classifications and meta-studies: Gaps in ecosystem services and forestry research. Journal of Land Use Science 16 (4), 525-541. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2021.1952511.
Obahoundje, S., Ofosu, E.A., Akpoti, K., Kabo-bah, A.T., 2017. Land Use and Land Cover Changes under Climatic Uncertainty: Modelling the Impacts on Hydropower Production in Western Africa. Hydrology 4 (2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology4010002.
Obodai, J., Adjei, K.A., Odai, S.N., Lumor, M., 2019. Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics using Landsat Data in a Gold Mining Basin-the Ankobra, Ghana. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 13, 247-256.
Ouedraogo, I., Tigabu, M., Savadogo, P., Compaore, H., Oden, P.C., Ouadba, J.M., 2010. Land Cover Change and its Relations with Population Dynamics in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Land Degradation Development 21, 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.981.
Pabi, O., 2007. Understanding Land-Use/Cover Change Process for Land and Environmental Resources Use Management Policy in Ghana. GeoJournal 68, 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-007-9090-z.
Padonou, E.A., Lykke, A.M., Bachmann, Y., Idohou, R., Sinsin, B., 2017. Mapping Changes in Land Use/Land Cover and Prediction of Future Extension of Bowe in Benin, West Africa. Land Use Policy 69, 85-92.
Shih, H.C., Stow, D.A., Weeks, J.R., Coulter, L.L., 2015. Determining the Type and Starting Time of Land Cover and Land Use Change in Southern Ghana Based on Discrete Analysis of Dense Landsat Image Time Series. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTACS.2015.2504371.
Slayi, M., Zhou, L., Dzvene, A.R., Mpanyaro, Z., 2024. Drivers and Consequences of Land Degradation on Livestock Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review. Land 13 (1402), 1-22.
Stow, D., Lopez, A., Lippitt, C., Hinton, S., Weeks, J., 2007. Object-based Classification of Residential Land Use Within Accra, Ghana Based on QuickBird Satellite Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 28 (22), 5167-5173, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116070.
Tahiru, A.A., Doke, D.A., Baatuuwie, B.N., 2020. Effect of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Water Quality in the Nawuni Catchment of the White Volta Basin, Northern Region, Ghana. Applied Water Science 10 (198), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01272-6.
Torbick, N., Lusch, D., Qi, J., Moore, N., Olson, J., Ge, J., 2006. Developing Land Use/Land Cover Parameterization for Climate-Land Modelling in East Africa. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27 (19), 4227-4244. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600702426.
Toure, S.I., Stow, D.A., Clarke, K., Weeks, J., 2020. Patterns of Land Cover and Land Use Change within the two Major Metropolitan Areas of Ghana. Geocarto International 35 (2), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2018.1516244.
Tsendbazar, N.E., Herold, M., de Bruin, S., Lesiv, M., Fritz, S., van de Kerchove, R., Pekel, J.F., 2018. Developing and Applying a Multi-Purpose Land Cover Validation Dataset for Africa. Remote Sensing of Environment 219, 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.10.025.
Vancutsem, C., Marinho, E., Kayitakire, F., See, L., Fritz, S., 2013. Harmonizing and Combining Existing Land Cover/Land Use Datasets for Cropland Area Monitoring at the African Continental Scale. Remote Sensing 5, 19-41, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5010019.
Yangouliba, G.I., Zoungrana, B.J.B., Hackman, K.O., Kosch, H., Liersch, S., Sintondji, L.O., Dipama, J.M., Kwawuvi, D., Ouedraogo, V., Yabre, S., Bonkoungou, B., Sougue, M., Gadiaga, A., Koffi, B., 2023. Modelling Past and Future Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Nakambe River basin, West Africa. Modelling Earth Systems and Environment 9, 1651-1667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01569-2.
Yeboah, F., Awotwi, A., Forkuo, E.K., Kumi, M., 2017. Assessing the Land Use and Land Cover Changes due to Urban Growth in Accra, Ghana. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International 22 (2), 43-50.
Zoungrana, B.J.B., Conrad, C., Amekudzi, L.K., Thiel, M., Da, E.D., Forkuor, G., Low, F., 2015. Multi-Temporal Landsat Images and Ancillary Data for Land Use/Cover Change (LULCC) Detection in the Southwest of Burkina Faso, West Africa. Remote Sensing 7, 12076-12102., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70912076.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Stanley Peprah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
