Determination of the Composition of Clay and Shale and Their Industrial Potential Associated with the Ameki Formation in Nsugbe and Its Environs, Southeastern Nigeria

Abstract

Clays possess various industrially significant properties, including plasticity, adsorptivity, ion exchange capacity and shrink-swell potential. This research aims to determine the composition and industrial potential of clay and shale associated with the Ameki Formation in Nsugbe and its environs, Southeastern Nigeria. A total of eight soil samples were collected from four locations and analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to assess their mineralogical and chemical properties. These analyses provide critical insights into resource quality and industrial suitability. The XRF data indicate that both shale and clay samples are rich in silicate minerals, as evidenced by high SiO₂ concentrations. The clay samples exhibit a higher Al₂O₃ content, suggesting a greater proportion of clay minerals, whereas the shale samples contain higher levels of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂, pointing to the presence of Iron-rich minerals and Titanium-bearing phases. The presence of sulfur in both shale and clay, particularly in certain high concentration samples, suggests a possible marine or anoxic depositional environment. Variations in trace element concentrations across the samples likely reflect differences in sediment provenance and depositional conditions. The data also suggest varying degrees of diagenesis, with shale samples indicating a more mature, Iron-rich environment, while clay samples display characteristics of a more weathered or kaolinitic composition. The XRD quantitative analysis identified minerals such as Quartz, Orthoclase, Clinochlore, Albite, Garnet, Vermiculite, Nacrite, Kaolinite, and Rutile, among others. These findings indicate that the Nsugbe clay and shale deposits have significant industrial potential, particularly for use in refractories, bricks, pottery, and ceramics. Long-term monitoring of the Nsugbe deposits can provide insights into sustainable extraction practices. Collaborative efforts with industries could further increase the economic value of these resources while ensuring environmental sustainability, ultimately benefiting the local community.