International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications
IJESKA is an open access peer-reviewed scholarly journal aiming to publish high quality research and review articles mainly in the scope of Earth Sciences.
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Narman Fairy Chimneys Area as a Geotourism Example from Erzurum, NE Turkey
Geotourism, which was created to promote and protect geological structures, has become one of the most important tourism sectors to develop and spread rapidly in recent years. Bringing geological structures with millions of years of history to tourism ensures that these structures are preserved and passed on to future generations and provides an increase in tourism revenue at local and regional level. Our country is rich in geological structures due to its location on the active Himalayan tectonic belt. One of these riches is the Narman Fairy Chimneys located within the borders of Erzurum (NE Turkey). This geological structure, known as Narman Fairy Chimneys, is formed by rivers flowing on a volcanic-sedimentary sequence and is located on the valley slopes. The different behaviors of the hard and soft geological units in the volcanic-sedimentary sequence against erosion have been effective in the formation of this uniquely beautiful geological structure. Narman Fairy Chimneys, which are visible from the surface over a wide area, fascinate those who see them with their spectacular beauty. Developing Narman Fairy Chimneys for tourism as an example of geotourism will both preserve this geological structure and pass it on to future generations and contribute to the economic development of the region by hosting national and international tourists
Copyright (c) 2025 Ekrem Kalkan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Marine Macrobenthic Algal Diversity in the Magyi Coastal Areas, Shwe Thaung Yan Township, Myanmar
A total of 32 species of marine benthic green, brown and red algae belonging to 21 families of 14 orders collected from Magyi Coastal Areas (Latitude 17º 04′ N, Longitude 94º 27′ E) in Shwe Thaung Yan Township were identified. The specimens were identified based on the external and internal characters of liquid-preserved materials and living specimens in the field. In the present study, 12 species, 8 genera of Chlorophyta, 7 species, 4 genera of Phaeophyta and 13 species, 11 genera of Rhodophyta were observed. Among these algae, Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) C. Agardh, Valoniopsis pachynema (G. Martens) Boergesen, Caulerpa taxifolia (M. Vahl) C. Agardh, C. sertularioides (S.G. Gmelin) M. Howe, Halimeda discoidea Decaisne, Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux, Codium edule P.C. Silva, Avrainvillea lacerata J. Agardh, Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) M. Howe, Dictyota implexa (Desfontaines) J.V. Lamouroux, Padina antillarum (KÜtzing) Piccone, P. australis Hauck, Sargassum ilicifolium (Turner) C. Agardh, Melyvonnea erubescens (Foslie) Athanasiadis & D.L. Ballantine, Halymenia dilatata Zanardini, Titanophora pikeana (Dickie) Feldmann, Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) Hariot, and Palisada perforata Bory (K.W. Nam) were newly recorded of Magyi Coastal Areas. A brief note on the potential uses of each algal was provided.
Key words: diversity, Magyi coastal areas, marine benthic algae, potential uses, Shwe Thaung Yan Township, taxonomy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soe Pa Pa Kyaw, Zue Zue Me Ko Min, July Moe, Mya Kyawt Wai http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Global Warming and the Microwave Warming
We should not only complain about Global Warming; we should look for all the factors that might have contributed to it. So far, we blame only the increased CO2 in the atmosphere for it. Nobody seems to look for other factors that have contributed to global warming. We all know that microwaves heat because we use microwaves to cook food and warm food. Then why do we ignore completely the heating effect of the microwaves used in our microwave technologies, such as cellular phones, TV, internet, and everything wireless, and 2/ the powerful microwave flux we use to create artificial rain to avoid severe droughts (HARP). Also, nobody seems to see the microwave technologies connected to the Pandemic and the mutating viruses. This article was written to draw attention to these and other factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Kuman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Preliminary Evidence for the Tectonic Influence on the Emplacement of the Gwandara Pluton in the Northcentral Nigeria Basement Complex
This study presents the nature and pattern of field and microtectonic fabrics engraved in the Gwandara pluton as it relates to its emplacement around the southwest of Keffi, in the Northcentral block of the Nigerian basement complex. The granite pluton is part of the numerous isolated hills around Keffi, upstretched amidst polydeformed gneissic and schistose rocks. The pluton is characterized by patches of granodioritic materials and overlapped by a thermally healed fractural system that shows a hopscotch joint pattern with a sinistral strike-slip displacement pattern. Around the host rock, the deformation shows drag-stretching of early injected leucosome, development of ptygmatic folds, and realignment of veins that were supposedly perpendicular to the pluton. The strain estimate shows a strain partitioning pattern that is relatively homogeneous, defined largely by the mineral grain distribution. Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility data suggests a dominantly NE-SW directional magmatism under transient tectonic conditions typical of a transtensional zone. Mineral quartz and feldspars show mechanical deformation and define the field lone-phased ductility that somewhat formed about the crystallization temperature of feldspars during an active regional deformation. Most of the structures resulted from the combined effects of phase transpose under a protracted deformation episode and magmatic stress field generated during pluton growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agbo Peter, Nathaniel Goter Goki http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on Land Surface Temperature in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Ghana
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) alterations on Land Surface Temperature (LST) throughout Africa, particularly emphasising Ghana. The research utilised the PRISMA procedure to systematically discover, assess, and summarise 52 peer-reviewed papers published from 2000 to 2025. The review utilised Landsat, MODIS, and Sentinel datasets to quantify temperature fluctuations associated with significant land use and land cover shifts, including urban growth, deforestation, and agricultural intensification. The meta-analytic findings indicated that metropolitan regions were, on average, 2.8 °C warmer than vegetated surfaces, with deforestation and agricultural conversion causing temperature rises of 1.6–2.3 °C. Ghana demonstrated a greater mean difference of 3.1 °C relative to the continental norm, mostly because of fast urbanisation in Accra and Kumasi. Regression analyses revealed robust connections between Normalised Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and LST, with coefficients varying from +12.15 °C to +24.05 °C per unit increase, hence affirming anthropogenic influences on surface warming. Vegetation indices ( Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) exhibited an inverse correlation with LST, highlighting the cooling effect of vegetation. The results reveal significant geographical variability, with hotspots located in Greater Accra, Kumasi, Northern Ghana, and the Savannah Transitional and Pra Basin regions. The study suggests that the loss of forest, unrestrained urban expansion, and degradation caused by mining are increasing thermal stress throughout Ghana. It advocates for cohesive land-use regulations, reforestation, and climate-adaptive agriculture to alleviate surface warming and bolster national resilience in relation to Sustainable Development Goals 11, 13, and 15
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Stanley Peprah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of Groundwater and Surface Water in Ugbuwangue and Ogunu, Delta State
Groundwater and surface water are important sources of domestic and industrial supply in many developing regions, but increasing human activities threaten their quality. This study evaluates the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water in Ugbuwangue and Ogunu communities in Delta State, Nigeria. A total of fifteen (15) water samples were collected from boreholes and hand-dug wells. Key parameters analyzed included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, bicarbonate, major ions, and heavy metals, using standard laboratory methods. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used for metal analysis. Results show that pH values ranged from 5.0 to 6.3, indicating slightly acidic conditions below the WHO acceptable limits (6.5–8.5). EC values (52–317 µS/cm) and TDS values (26–157 mg/L) were within permissible limits, suggesting low dissolved ion content. However, elevated levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) were observed in several samples, exceeding WHO guideline values, indicating potential health risks from long-term consumption. These contaminants may originate from both geogenic processes and anthropogenic inputs, particularly industrial activities. The study recommends appropriate treatment of water before consumption and continuous monitoring to prevent contamination and protect public health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ogueh Desiree Edeh, Ese Anthony Aladin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Structural-Geochemical Controls on Mineralization Localization in the Vakijvari Ore Field, Georgia
The Vakijvari Ore Field represents a structurally and geologically complex system formed through multiphase magmatic-hydrothermal processes, genetically linked to the Middle Eocene subvolcanic magmatism of the Adjara-Trialeti rift-fold zone. This study presents an integrated analysis based on petrological, mineralogical, geochemical, and remote sensing data. Microscopic and mineralographic investigations revealed the presence of copper-polymetallic mineralization formed due to fractional crystallization and hydrothermal metasomatism. Using ASTER satellite imagery and DIPS structural analysis software, NE–SW and NW–SE oriented fault systems were identified, which directly control the zoning and localization of mineralization. The integrated dataset demonstrates that structural control, magmatic evolution, and late-stage hydrothermal alteration collectively drive ore body formation, establishing the Vakijvari Ore Field as a significant target for future geological and mineral resource exploration and evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Giorgi Mindiashvili, Benjamin Busch, David Bluashvili, Keti Benashvili, Mirian Makadze, Revaz Menabde, Meri Lekishvili http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Species of Rastrelliger branchysoma (Bleeker, 1851) from Chaung Tha Coastal Area, Morphometric Relationships and Meristic Characteristics
Rastrelliger branchysoma collected from the Chaung Tha Coastal Area were used to analyze morphometric relationships and meristic studies. This study described the morphometric relationships, including the length-length relationship and meristic counts, of R. branchysoma. The result showed that twelve morphometric characters were measured to assess their relationship with the total length, and six meristic counts were also recorded. The correlation coefficient (r) was analyzed with the independent variable (total length) and the dependent variable (other morphometric parameters). Significantly high positive correlations were observed between the total length and most body measurements. The maximum total length of R. branchysoma recorded in the present study was 26.1 cm at Chaung Tha. Morphometric and meristic studies will provide knowledge on morphometric and meristic features that could be useful for species identification and stock assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 July Moe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The New Quantum Technology Found Two Sank Continents
With the new quantum technology, two enormous anomalous structures the size of continents were located under the Atlantic Ocean and under the Pacific Ocean. I think, these are the sank continents of Atlántida under the Atlantic Ocean and the continent of Lemuria under the Pacific Ocean. They are now inside the Earth on top of the Hot Core of the Earth, and their mountain peaks transfer some of the heat of the Earth core to the Earth crust. This makes the places from which hot plasma erupt from the ground in Hawaii to be over the mountain tops of Lemuria. However, the scientists who found with the new quantum technology the anomalous structures with the size of continents under the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, tried to explain them with cosmic hypothesis instead of looking at the ancient history of the Earth.
Hawaiian volcanic activity and Lemuria under it
Sustainable Phosphogypsum Management in the Circular Economy: Innovations for Environmental Risk Mitigation and Resource Efficiency ‒ Global Perspectives with Indian Insights
The rapid growth of the global population, coupled with the escalating demand for food, has led to increased reliance on phosphate-based fertilizers vital for ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity. However, the large-scale production of these fertilizers, particularly through the wet-process method for phosphoric acid manufacturing, generates significant volumes of phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct primarily composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄·2H₂O). For every ton of phosphoric acid produced, approximately 4 to 6 tons of PG are generated, resulting in a global annual output of over 300 million tons. India contributes significantly to this total, generating an estimated 11–12 million tons of PG each year. PG poses serious environmental and public health concerns due to the presence of hazardous impurities and naturally occurring radionuclides such as radium-226. A majority of this waste is stockpiled in vast, unprotected stacks, leading to soil degradation, water contamination, radon gas emissions, and long-term ecological risks. Despite its potential for reuse, only about 15% of PG is currently recycled, leaving the remainder as a growing liability due to inadequate disposal practices. This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of PG generation, its environmental implications, and the global and national regulatory frameworks governing its management. Emphasis is placed on sustainable research and development (R&D) initiatives aimed at safe handling and value-added utilization of PG. Case studies from India highlight key aspects of PG management, including its generation from phosphoric acid production, estimated output across the fertilizer industry, analysis of PG at selected plants, and industry-wise disposal practices across the country. The review also examines international and Indian guidelines such as those from the atomic energy regulatory board (AERB) and the international atomic energy agency (IAEA) which guide the safe use of PG in various sectors. Additionally, the economic aspects of PG stack maintenance and closure are discussed, highlighting the financial burden associated with long-term storage and the pressing need for circular economic solutions. The paper advocates for the adoption of pretreatment technologies, stricter regulatory enforcement, and broader recycling strategies aligned with circular economy principles to minimize the environmental footprint of PG and promote sustainability in the fertilizer industry.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Bishnu Pada Bose http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Food and Feeding Habits of Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) from Chaung Tha Coastal Area
The stomach content of Rastrelliger kanagurta was studied by regular monthly collection over the period of 10 months from January 2024 to December 2024. A total of 28 food items were recorded. Seven groups of food items, such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, larvae, algae, copepods, and miscellaneous items were recognized. The dominant diet in the stomach contents was diatoms and copepods. The most dominant items were Chaetoceros spp., Coscinodiscus spp., and copepod species, such as Calanus sp and Eucalanus sp. The analysis indicated that this species feeds mainly on diatoms (61.08%) and copepods (25.41%). The highest actively feeding intensity was observed at 76.5% in October, and the lowest actively feeding intensity was observed at 18.4% in July. 23.1-25.0 cm length group was recorded as the maximum actively feeding intensity (69%). The maximum feeding intensity was recorded in the maturity stage (49.5%), and the minimum feeding intensity was recorded in the ripe stage (15%).
Effect of Waste Dump Site Leachate Seepage on Soil Quality in Idumwowina Community Benin City, Edo State, Southern Nigeria
The study was carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of waste dumpsite to the quality of ground water and its impact on the soil in Idumwunowina Community Edo State, Nigeria. The heavy metal such as (Cd, Fe, Cr, Pb, Ni) were determined in the topsoil from dept S (0–10 cm) and (10–20 cm) where analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The determination for the soil components were the heavy metal concentration at depth 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, with lead Pb having minimum value of 0.01 mg/kg–0.03 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.1 mg/kg–0.2 mg/kg, Fe (518 mg/kg–1070 mg/kg), Cr (0.1 mg/kg–0.8 mg/kg), Ni (0.6 mg/kg–2.4 mg/kg), Zn (2.6 mg/kg–8.6 mg/kg), Cu (0.2 mg/kg–0.8 mg/kg). The value of Pb, Cd, Fe, Ni e.t.c. shows variable value as some were below WHO standard and other above WHO standard at the different sources of collection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agholor Machenry Oligie, Maju Oyovwikowhe, Ehigie Aiyevbekpen Clinton http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Surface Temperature Variability in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with a Focus on Ghana
Land Surface Temperature has become an essential variable for comprehending climatic variability, urban heat islands, and ecological resilience, especially in Africa, where growing urbanization and deforestation exacerbate thermal stress. This study conducts the inaugural systematic review and meta-analysis of land surface temperature variability throughout Africa, concentrating specifically on Ghana. Following PRISMA guidelines, 67 peer-reviewed and grey literature sources published from 2000 to 2025 were synthesized to evaluate spatio-temporal land surface temperature changes, analytical methods, and policy implications. Results reveal a continent-wide warming trend characterized by significant diurnal asymmetry, highlighted by ongoing nighttime warming. Urban areas like Accra and Kumasi exhibit considerable heat island effects, primarily due to the reduction of greenery and the proliferation of impermeable surfaces. Vegetation and aquatic environments constantly exhibit cooling effects, whereas barren land and developed regions record the highest land surface temperature readings. Landsat imagery predominates in Ghanaian research for its geographical resolution, while MODIS products are appreciated for their temporal consistency; nonetheless, the integration of multi-sensor methodologies is still constrained. The distinctive vulnerabilities of Ghana's deforestation, uncontrolled urban development, and coastal susceptibility highlight the necessity for climate-sensitive design. This study identifies significant research deficiencies, such as the inadequate representation of coastal dynamics, health implications, and equity factors in urban heat reduction efforts. The findings establish a foundation for adaptive land-use planning, climate-smart agriculture, and urban resilience methods, delivering crucial insights for Ghana and Africa's overarching climate adaptation initiatives.
Land Surface Temperature (LST), Climate Variability, Sub-Saharan Africa, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis
Diversity of Seagrasses in Shwe Thaung Yan Coastal Area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar
Seagrasses take part in many important roles of marine biodiversity such as nursery habitat, protective habitat, direct food source and nutrient cycling. The diversity of seagrasses was determined in the seagrass meadows along the Shwe Thaung Yan coastal area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Four stations (M1, M2, W1 and P1) were established: M1 and M2 stations were located along Magyi coast at Latitude 17˚03'42.5"N, Longitude 094˚27'05.7"E and Latitude 17° 04' 14.6"N, Longitude 094° 57' 1.3"E respectively. W1 station was positioned at Latitude 17˚08'32.2"N, Longitude 094˚27'41.9"E in Wetthay bay. P1 station was set at Latitude 17˚ 09' 56.9" N, Longitude 094˚29' 42.2"E in Phoe Htaung bay. A total of nine seagrasses from the families of Cymodoceaceae and Hydrocharitaceae were recorded in the stations. One-way ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in Shannon diversity values among the stations. The highest diversity was observed at W1 station (1.63524 (H')). The results showed that there were no highly dominant seagrasses in the stations, which were made up of multi-specific seagrass meadows. The evenness index revealed that there were differences among the stations with the seagrass found in W1 station having the highest evenness (J’=0.84035). Thalassia hemprichii was observed as a dominant species in Magyi (M1 station) and Wetthay Bay.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zue Zue Miko Min http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Characterization of Depositional Environments and Hydrocarbon Potential in the AI Well Niger Delta Basin
Reservoir characterization is essential for understanding subsurface geology, supporting hydrocarbon exploration, and improving production strategies. This study investigates the AI Well within the Agbada Formation of the Niger Delta Basin through an integrated sedimentological, petrographic, and geochemical approach. A total of 100 ditch cutting samples were analyzed to evaluate lithofacies, mineralogical composition, and geochemical variations. The results indicate a depositional transition from high-energy fluvial to low-energy marine environments, with quartz-rich sandstones serving as primary reservoir units and clay-rich shales acting as effective seals. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that quartz is the dominant framework mineral, whereas kaolinite and chlorite are associated with reduced porosity and permeability. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results reveal silica enrichment and ferruginization, indicating post-depositional diagenetic alterations that influence reservoir quality. The findings emphasize that both depositional facies and diagenetic processes play vital roles in controlling reservoir performance. This study underscores the significance of multidisciplinary integration in refining reservoir models and optimizing hydrocarbon recovery in the Niger Delta Basin.
Agbada Formation, depositional environment, reservoir quality, petrography, Niger Delta Basin
Copyright (c) 2025 Efetobore Maju-Oyovwikowhe, Stephine Aisosa Egharevba, Godwin Okumagbe Aigbadon, Sarah Itohan Aduwa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determination of Depth to Magnetic Source from Aeromagnetic Data of Idah, Kogi State Using Euler Deconvolution Technique
This study focuses on the application of Euler deconvolution to Aeromagnetic Data collected in the Idah area of Kogi State, located in the North Central region of Nigeria. The research employs Euler deconvolution, a widely recognized technique in the field of geophysics, to determine the depths to magnetic sources within Idah and its surrounding areas. The methodology encompasses a series of systematic steps. Initially, the aeromagnetic data, specifically from Idah (sheet 267) undergoes preprocessing to eliminate noise and enhance the signal. Several filtering techniques, including Regional-Residual separation, Reduction to magnetic equator, and Upward continuation, are employed for this purpose. The study uses Euler deconvolution to identify potential magnetic sources in Idah, Kogi State, and calculates their depths, considering magnetic field anomalies. The results are interpreted within the geological framework. Notably, the Euler solutions for structural indices ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 reveal varying depth ranges, spanning from depths less than 1000 meters to depths exceeding 11000 meters. These solutions are spatially distributed across the region, with distinct clusters corresponding to specific structural indices. For instance, solutions with a structural index of 1.0 are concentrated predominantly in the Northwestern, Western, and Northeastern parts of the map, with limited occurrences in the Southwestern region. The study reveals that solutions with a 2.0 structural index are more concentrated in the Northwestern and central areas of the map, while those with a 3.0 index are primarily clustered in these areas. A quick and precise identification of the positions and depths of magnetic sources within the study area is made possible by the interpretation of the data from the various structural indices, which greatly advances our knowledge of the geological characteristics and possible subsurface resources of the area. Keywords: Aeromagnetic map, euler deconvolution, magnetic sources, structural indicators, and magnetic source depth
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayomide Adams, Felix Ojo Olufemi, Adeboye M. Blessing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Critical Evaluation of Crude Oil and Sediments from Selected Areas of the Niger Delta
Understanding the occurrence, composition, and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) is crucial for assessing anthropogenic contributions and identifying the sources of AHCs in the environment. Therefore, this study focused on analyzing the concentrations, distribution patterns, and compositional characteristics of AHCs present in crude oil and sediments from the Udu, Ethiope East, and Ughelli North Local Government Areas. A total of nine crude oil samples and ten sediment samples were gathered from the research area. The concentrations of AHCs in these samples were quantified using gas chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) following extraction with a hexane/dichloromethane mixture and subsequent purification using a silica gel/alumina packed column. Analysis of the molecular indices indicated that the AHCs present in the sediments originated from marine biogenic, terrestrial biogenic, and petrogenic sources, whereas the hydrocarbons in the crude oil were derived exclusively from marine and terrestrial biogenic sources.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Pristane/phytane ratio, Molecular Weight.
Copyright (c) 2025 Onoriode Darlington Abolodje, Kenneth Abara Ibe, Osisanya Olajuwon Wasiu, Saleh A. Saleh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Use Land Cover Classification for Africa – A Case of The Republic of Ghana Using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Examining the interaction between global climatic systems, biodiversity, and socioeconomic development depends on understanding Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes. Notwithstanding major Earth observation and remote sensing developments, Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, remains underrepresented in LULC studies. Following PRISMA principles, this study fills this need by methodically examining LULC investigations carried out in Ghana between 2000 and 2024. This study examined spatiotemporal trends, environmental determinants, and methodological frameworks in LULC research as well as peer-reviewed literature closely. Particularly from MODIS and Landsat, remote sensing data became clear as indispensable instruments for tracking LULC changes, exposing inter-zonal fluctuations affected by urbanization, climatic variability, mining activity, and socioeconomic pressures, including poverty and population increase. Important issues found are land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, combined with unsustainable farming methods and illicit mining. The results show the important part geospatial technology plays in monitoring LULC changes and guiding adaptive land management plans. Refining LULC models and supporting sustainable development initiatives through satellite data integration with local ground-based observations is advised. Achieving Ghana's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in poverty reduction, sustainable cities, climate action, and biodiversity preservation, depend on addressing LULC problems. This study emphasizes the need for LULC research in directing policy formation and supporting sustainable resource management, therefore providing actionable insights for combining environmental preservation with socioeconomic development.
Geochemical Characterization of Soils in A Semi-Urban Extension Area of Minna, Northcentral Nigeria Using EDXRF Instrumental Analysis
A study on pedogeochemistry and agrogeochemistry was conducted on an open Farm field to evaluate the trace and macro elements in the soil and their effects on Dioscorea rotundata (white yam) yield. Twenty soil samples were collected at predetermined depths and distances across the farm and analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) focusing on soil geochemical anomalies and their impact on yam yield in Chanchaga Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Results showed that high potassium absorption led to impaired yield, harvest loss, and premature crop death. The mean concentrations of key elements were potassium (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), iron (1.4%), magnesium (0.42%), copper (127 ppm), zinc (127 ppm), and manganese (739 ppm), following the order K > Ca > Fe > Mg for minor elements and Mn > Zn for major elements. These values were compared with Alloway (1995) standards for essential nutrients in yam cultivation. Excessive potassium absorption negatively affects yam yield, while imbalanced element proportions can impact crop health and human consumption. Ensuring optimal soil geochemistry is crucial for sustainable yam production and food safety.
Pedogeochemistry, agrogeochemistry, white yam, minor, major, energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafiu Jimoh Atanda; Olubukola Ogungbade, Adeniji Moradeyo, Okoli Ezindu, Oluwatobi Olaleye, Jamiu Salami http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urban Heat Island ‒ A Strong Contributor to Climate Change ‒ Case Study of Jaipur with Emphasis on Urban Forestry and Sustainable Development
Urban sectors are posing serious challenges presently and are likely to become an issue of great global concern in future. Around 55 percent of the total global carbon footprint is contributed from the urban sector resulting in climate change. The resulting contributing factors are mainly on account of continuous increasing urban population, non-optimization of concreting to non-concreting urban surface and vertical to horizontal spread of urban area coupled with other environmental parameters of relevance. These environmental issues are in the form of insufficient urban air ventilation, increasing urban heat island, inadequate carrying capacity of road network leading to traffic congestion resulting in enhanced air pollution, inadequate disposal and treatment of municipal solid waste and sewage and so on so forth. To address some of the issues referred to above, present research has been made by the authors to assess the urban heat island with emphasis on infusion of urban forestry. A case study has been carried out for Jaipur, Rajasthan, which has been divided into 14 grids with 56 locations where temperatures were recorded during the months of April to June 2023. Urban heat islands were calculated for different locations in Jaipur and isopleths were drawn using Surfer-9 software. An attempt has also been made to estimate an increase in energy consumption on account of the Urban Heat Island effect in Jaipur. To mitigate such an alarming UHI which is partly responsible for climate change, various mitigating measures were described with special reference to infusion of Urban Forestry in Jaipur.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anindita Bhattacharjee, Tania Das, Akshey Bhargava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Carapace Length-Weight and Width-Weight Relationships of Mud Crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) from Ye Estuary, Mon Coastal Area
The current study was attempted to determine the basic biological information such as length weight relationship and condition factor of on Scylla serrata from Ye Estuary, Southern Mon Coastal Area during the period of January-October 2022. The average value of male and female crabs was 6.12±0.73 in length, 6.80±2.24 in width and weighing between 40 and 440 g were collected and analyzed. The sex ratio of total collected samples (male: female) was 1:1.42. The carapace length weight relationships of total samples showed logarithmic equations as follow: Log W = 1.245 Log CL + 0.9994 for male, Log W = 0.3553 Log CL + 1.6287for female and Log W = 0.642 Log CL + 1.4303 for combined sex. While the carapace width weight relationships are as follow: Log W = 1.3455 Log CW + 0.844 for male, Log W = 0.9434 Log CW + 1.1683 for female and Log W = 1.0901 Log CW + 1.0549 for combined sex. The b values for the carapace length weight relationship of S. serrata in males and females were 1.245 and 0.3553 and for the carapace width weight relationship in males and females were 1.3455 and 0.9434, indicated that the growth patterns were negative allometric. The condition factor in males and females were 49.07±23.78 and 39.94±19.16. Moreover, the linear regressions between the carapace length or width and weight were highly significant (p > 0.01).
Resistivity, Depth, slice, Lowland, Fertilizer.
Copyright (c) 2025 zarni ko ko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Mining Activities on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) and Ecosystem Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of the Republic of Ghana using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Mining operations in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Ghana, substantially modify Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) and impair ecosystem services (ES), presenting obstacles to environmental sustainability and human welfare. This study investigates the research topic by analysing the degree of mining effects on LULC and ES, with Ghana as a case study. The aims encompass evaluating deforestation rates, measuring ecosystem service losses, and identifying sustainable mining methodologies. A systematic review and meta-analysis technique was utilized, examining 86 papers from 2000 to 2025 to consolidate empirical evidence. Principal findings indicate that mining, particularly artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), has resulted in a 304% escalation in land conversion, considerable deforestation (30–86% in certain areas), and the pollution of water bodies with heavy metals such as mercury. Large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal ASM exert distinct influences on LULC, with ASM disproportionately contributing to environmental degradation. The analysis underscores deficiencies in policy, notably the insufficient enforcement of environmental restrictions and the lack of effective post-mining rehabilitation efforts. Recommendations entail the implementation of more stringent rules, active community involvement in oversight, and the use of environmentally sustainable mining methods. These findings seek to guide evidence-based policies that reconcile economic advantages with environmental preservation, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 13, and 15. The study highlights the necessity for cohesive strategies to alleviate mining effects while sustaining livelihoods in Ghana and analogous regions in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Notes on Violet Sea Snails in Ayeyarwady Intertidal Waters, Myanmar
A total of 5 species of violet sea snails Janthina exigua, J. globosa, J. janthina, J. pallida, and J. umbilicata were collected from the intertidal shoal of Ayeyarwady coastal waters from January to December 2024. The shell appearance, habitat, buoyancy, feeding system, and local ecological adaptation (bubble raft for buoyancy, dietary specialization, reduced and modified shell and foot, reproduction, pelagic lifestyle) of the genus Janthina were studied. Some ecological aspects of the distribution, occurrence, composition, and abundance of violet sea snails in different sampling sites of the Ayeyarwady intertidal waters were also studied with species and station-wise correlation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naung Naung Oo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from the Shells of Indian White Prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus (Edwards, 1837)
The shell wastes of Indian white prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus, collected from markets and restaurants, were used as raw material for the extraction of chitin and chitosan. The yields of chitin and chitosan extracted from shrimp were 33.35 ± 2.62% and 29.45 ± 1.77%, respectively. The solubility and water-binding capacity of chitosan were 100% and 830.44 ± 128.36%, respectively. The solubility and water-binding capacity of the extracted chitosan are high enough that it can easily be incorporated into various applications. Moreover, the ash content of chitosan produced was relatively low (0.1 ± 0.03%) from Fenneropenaeus indicus, which is indicative of effective demineralization and low impurities in the extracted chitosan. In addition, the functional groups of the chitosan and its surface morphology were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The featured peaks of the FTIR spectra of the extracted chitosan in this study were comparable to those in other related studies. Furthermore, the SEM micrographs of the surface morphology of chitosan revealed rough and fibrous structures with regular or irregular pores.
Copyright (c) 2025 Win Lai Lai Htay, Khin Khin Gyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Estimation of Species Composition, Catch Per Unit Effort, and Biomass of Some Marine Fishes of Chaungtha, Ayeyarwady Region in Myanmar
The assessment of the marine fishery was investigated in the Chaungtha Coastal Area for ten months from November 2023 to August 2024. In this study area, seven different types of fishing gear have been recorded, such as bottom set gillnets, purse seines, beach seines, drift gillnets, longlines, dive fishing, and trap fishing. Beach seine was the most efficient fishing gear (27.63%) of species composition, followed by purse seine (25.66%) and bottom set gillnet (22.37%), while trap fishing was the least efficient (0.66%). Sardinella forms the significant component of landings (16.20%), followed by groupers (14.77%) and yellow pike conger (13.58%). The mean catch per unit effort (catch/unit effort/day) was 3.55 kg, and the range was 0.15- 6.47 kg, recorded in July 2024 and November 2023. The highest total catches, 2199.35 kg, were recorded in November 2023, followed by 1843.13 kg in January and 1590.3 kg in March 2024, while 50.18 kg was the least caught in July 2024. The biomass of marine fishes ranged from 7.91 mt to 723.70 mt. The mean biomass was recorded at 205.09 mt in the present study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Min Min Myat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals on Soil in Dumpsite at Ifugbe Merogun, Warri South, Southern Nigeria
The evaluation of some heavy metals concentration of Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) were undertaken on the soil in and around a dumpsite at Ifugbe Merogun, Warri South Local Government Area, Delta State. A total of twenty-two (22) composite soil samples were obtained. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10cm and 10 cm–20 cm interval from an active dumpsite. One (01) of the sample was collected at a distance of one hundred (100) meters away as control point to show the degree of dispersion from the source. The heavy metals evaluation was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) MODEL 210VGP. The results obtained were subjected to statistical test at P < 0.05 at 95% confidence level and the results presented in mean ± SD. All the studied heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Fe) except Ni (10-200 mg/kg), Cu (10-160 mg/kg) and Zn (40-2990 mg/kg) concentrations ranges in soil exceeded WHO standard. The sources of the heavy metals analyzed are considered to be mainly anthropogenic. However, there should be public awareness of the dangers and negative health implications of the dumpsite on humans and the environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faith Amina Okodugha Okodugha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Degradation Neutrality for Africa – A Case of Niger Republic
Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), which promotes a dynamic balance between land rehabilitation and deterioration, has emerged as a key idea in environmental sustainability. This guarantees that productive land resources do not experience a net loss. Land degradation is one of the primary issues that Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations are dealing with. Many animals, habitats, and locations in the Sahelian areas have suffered due to this act of land degradation (LD). The Sahel is among the most climate-sensitive regions in the world because of changes in land use and land cover (LULC). The Niger Republic is in the middle of the Sahel. This nation has faced several challenges in accomplishing the primary Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study's main objective is to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the causes, effects, and techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of different mitigation initiatives to assist the Niger Republic in meeting its LDN and SDG objectives. This investigation used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Through the use of the search engines Scopus, Academic.edu, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar, we thoroughly examined, screened, and assessed published publications from 2008 to 2024. According to the historical assessment, salinization, overgrazing, deforestation, drought, and soil erosion are the primary causes of LD. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that socioeconomic determinants include poverty, land tenure rights, population pressure, and economic instability. These variables affect natural biodiversity, the human population, and climate change. Lastly, the research evaluates mitigation techniques and discusses institutional policies for sustainable land management (SLM) and suitable farming practices.
Granulometric and Geochemical Analyses of Stream Sediments from Part of Southwestern Nigeria: Implication for Mineralization Potential
This work investigates the mineralization potential of an area bounded by longitude 4˚ 52′ to 5˚ 00′ E and latitude 8˚ 22′ to 8˚ 28′N represented on Ilorin Sheet 223. The methods adopted in this work include field mapping, granulometric, heavy mineral, stream sediment and statistical analyses. The result of the granulometric analysis reveals that the sediments range from very coarse sand to coarse sand, are poorly sorted and exhibit very platykurtic distribution. The result of Factor Analysis identified eight distinct Factor groups. Factor 1 of the group was interpreted to be related to hydrothermal sulphide ore mineralization that is complex and formed at low temperature, while Factor 2 is interpreted to imply gold-associated gangue minerals. Factor 3 was interpreted to indicate the presence of a vein deposit that is mafic in composition, while Factors 7 and 8 were interpreted to indicate the presence of low temperature hydrothermal sulphide mineralization. Heavy minerals identified in the samples include zircon, sillimanite, goethite, hematite and olivine among others. The conclusion drawn from this work is that the southeastern and northwestern parts of the study area have enhanced ore-forming elements; hence, the area is mineralized with pockets of such sulphide. The northeastern part is barren. It was also concluded that exploratory work should focus on the southeastern and northwestern parts of the area. In addition, mineralization in the area consists mainly of low-temperature hydrothermal sulphide ore deposits, including gold.
Copyright (c) 2025 O.S. Bamigboye, O.A. Omorinoye, T.E. Bamidele, H.A. Umar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Water Quality for Both Surface and Groundwater in Ewhereh and Ohrerhe Towns, in Agbarho, Delta State
Evaluating the quality of surface and groundwater in Ewhereh and Ohrerhe Towns, Agbarho, Delta State, to determine their safety and suitability for drinking and other uses. A total of 15 water samples were collected from both towns, including groundwater from boreholes and surface water from hand-dug wells. The physio-chemical and heavy metal parameters of the water samples were analyzed. Parameters assessed included pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, color (Pt-Co), turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), bicarbonate (HCO3), phosphorus (P), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), calcium, potassium, sodium, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, magnesium, and heavy metals (manganese, iron, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium). The pH of the water samples ranged from 5.0 to 6.2, with a mean value of 5.573, indicating slightly acidic conditions. This acidity may result from natural factors such as dissolved carbon dioxide or anthropogenic influences like industrial discharge, which can affect the solubility and bioavailability of nutrients. Elevated EC, TDS, salinity, and COD levels were observed in samples from BH 6, BH 8, and BH 12, suggesting localized contamination sources. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were as follows: iron (0.668 mg/L), manganese (0.216 mg/L), zinc (0.508 mg/L), copper (0.094 mg/L), chromium (0.034 mg/L), cadmium (0.006 mg/L) and Lead (0.013 mg/L). High levels of iron, manganese, cadmium and zinc, particularly in BH 2 EKP AGB, point to potential localized contamination sources. The elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, cadmium and zinc in multiple locations may stem from natural mineral content or industrial activities in the area. The water quality results highlight increased levels of Iron, Manganese, chromium, cadmium and lead, which could pose health and aesthetic concerns. Strong correlations between the concentrations of these metals suggest they may originate from common sources or shared geochemical processes in the study area. Regular monitoring of heavy metal concentrations is recommended to protect soil nutrients and prevent degradation, ensuring favourable conditions for crop growth. Additionally, health risk assessments are advised for areas with elevated cadmium, lead, and chromium levels to evaluate potential impacts on local communities and develop effective mitigation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 D.E. Ogueh, E.A. Aladin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Length Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Four Commercial Fish Species in Pathein Area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar
The present study was carried out length-weight relationship for four commercially important fish species namely Lates calcarifer, Otolithoides pama, Polynemus paradiseus, and Tenualosa ilisha from Koon Annawar Fishing Landing Center, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Three species Lates calcarifer, Polynemus paradiseus, and Tenualosa Ilisha were negative allometric but only one species Otolithoides pama was positive allometric. The value of ‘b’ ranged from 1.95 to 3.13 and the coefficient of determination ‘r’ values ranged from 0.71 to 0.97. Moreover, the mean condition factor (K) of four commercial fish species was 1.70±2.50 (L. calcarifer), 0.69±2.23 (O. pama), 1.04±1.97 (P. paradiseus), and 1.65±2.20 (T. ilisha), indicating that its growth rate condition has perfected because the value of ‘K’ is greater than 1 so these species suitable for culture interest. Difference of length and weight of four commercial fish species were presented.
commercial fish, condition factor, length-weight relationship, Pathein area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hsan Win http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0