International Journal of Earth Sciences Knowledge and Applications
IJESKA is an open access peer-reviewed scholarly journal aiming to publish high quality research and review articles mainly in the scope of Earth Sciences.
The authors keep the copyrights of the published materials with them, but the authors are aggee to give an exclusive license to the publisher that transfers all publishing and commercial exploitation rights to the publisher. The puslisher then shares the content published in this journal under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Diversity of Seagrasses in Shwe Thaung Yan Coastal Area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar
Seagrasses take part in many important roles of marine biodiversity such as nursery habitat, protective habitat, direct food source and nutrient cycling. The diversity of seagrasses was determined in the seagrass meadows along the Shwe Thaung Yan coastal area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Four stations (M1, M2, W1 and P1) were established: M1 and M2 stations were located along Magyi coast at Latitude 17˚03'42.5"N, Longitude 094˚27'05.7"E and Latitude 17° 04' 14.6"N, Longitude 094° 57' 1.3"E respectively. W1 station was positioned at Latitude 17˚08'32.2"N, Longitude 094˚27'41.9"E in Wetthay bay. P1 station was set at Latitude 17˚ 09' 56.9" N, Longitude 094˚29' 42.2"E in Phoe Htaung bay. A total of nine seagrasses from the families of Cymodoceaceae and Hydrocharitaceae were recorded in the stations. One-way ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in Shannon diversity values among the stations. The highest diversity was observed at W1 station (1.63524 (H')). The results showed that there were no highly dominant seagrasses in the stations, which were made up of multi-specific seagrass meadows. The evenness index revealed that there were differences among the stations with the seagrass found in W1 station having the highest evenness (J’=0.84035). Thalassia hemprichii was observed as a dominant species in Magyi (M1 station) and Wetthay Bay.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zue Zue Miko Min http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determination of Depth to Magnetic Source from Aeromagnetic Data of Idah, Kogi State Using Euler Deconvolution Technique
This study focuses on the application of Euler deconvolution to Aeromagnetic Data collected in the Idah area of Kogi State, located in the North Central region of Nigeria. The research employs Euler deconvolution, a widely recognized technique in the field of geophysics, to determine the depths to magnetic sources within Idah and its surrounding areas. The methodology encompasses a series of systematic steps. Initially, the aeromagnetic data, specifically from Idah (sheet 267) undergoes preprocessing to eliminate noise and enhance the signal. Several filtering techniques, including Regional-Residual separation, Reduction to magnetic equator, and Upward continuation, are employed for this purpose. The study uses Euler deconvolution to identify potential magnetic sources in Idah, Kogi State, and calculates their depths, considering magnetic field anomalies. The results are interpreted within the geological framework. Notably, the Euler solutions for structural indices ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 reveal varying depth ranges, spanning from depths less than 1000 meters to depths exceeding 11000 meters. These solutions are spatially distributed across the region, with distinct clusters corresponding to specific structural indices. For instance, solutions with a structural index of 1.0 are concentrated predominantly in the Northwestern, Western, and Northeastern parts of the map, with limited occurrences in the Southwestern region. The study reveals that solutions with a 2.0 structural index are more concentrated in the Northwestern and central areas of the map, while those with a 3.0 index are primarily clustered in these areas. A quick and precise identification of the positions and depths of magnetic sources within the study area is made possible by the interpretation of the data from the various structural indices, which greatly advances our knowledge of the geological characteristics and possible subsurface resources of the area. Keywords: Aeromagnetic map, euler deconvolution, magnetic sources, structural indicators, and magnetic source depth
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayomide Adams, Felix Ojo Olufemi, Adeboye M. Blessing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Use Land Cover Classification for Africa – A Case of The Republic of Ghana Using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Examining the interaction between global climatic systems, biodiversity, and socioeconomic development depends on understanding Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes. Notwithstanding major Earth observation and remote sensing developments, Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, remains underrepresented in LULC studies. Following PRISMA principles, this study fills this need by methodically examining LULC investigations carried out in Ghana between 2000 and 2024. This study examined spatiotemporal trends, environmental determinants, and methodological frameworks in LULC research as well as peer-reviewed literature closely. Particularly from MODIS and Landsat, remote sensing data became clear as indispensable instruments for tracking LULC changes, exposing inter-zonal fluctuations affected by urbanization, climatic variability, mining activity, and socioeconomic pressures, including poverty and population increase. Important issues found are land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity, combined with unsustainable farming methods and illicit mining. The results show the important part geospatial technology plays in monitoring LULC changes and guiding adaptive land management plans. Refining LULC models and supporting sustainable development initiatives through satellite data integration with local ground-based observations is advised. Achieving Ghana's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially in poverty reduction, sustainable cities, climate action, and biodiversity preservation, depend on addressing LULC problems. This study emphasizes the need for LULC research in directing policy formation and supporting sustainable resource management, therefore providing actionable insights for combining environmental preservation with socioeconomic development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Stanley Peprah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geochemical Characterization of Soils in A Semi-Urban Extension Area of Minna, Northcentral Nigeria Using EDXRF Instrumental Analysis
A study on pedogeochemistry and agrogeochemistry was conducted on an open Farm field to evaluate the trace and macro elements in the soil and their effects on Dioscorea rotundata (white yam) yield. Twenty soil samples were collected at predetermined depths and distances across the farm and analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) focusing on soil geochemical anomalies and their impact on yam yield in Chanchaga Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Results showed that high potassium absorption led to impaired yield, harvest loss, and premature crop death. The mean concentrations of key elements were potassium (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), iron (1.4%), magnesium (0.42%), copper (127 ppm), zinc (127 ppm), and manganese (739 ppm), following the order K > Ca > Fe > Mg for minor elements and Mn > Zn for major elements. These values were compared with Alloway (1995) standards for essential nutrients in yam cultivation. Excessive potassium absorption negatively affects yam yield, while imbalanced element proportions can impact crop health and human consumption. Ensuring optimal soil geochemistry is crucial for sustainable yam production and food safety.
Pedogeochemistry, agrogeochemistry, white yam, minor, major, energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafiu Jimoh Atanda; Olubukola Ogungbade, Adeniji Moradeyo, Okoli Ezindu, Oluwatobi Olaleye, Jamiu Salami http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urban Heat Island ‒ A Strong Contributor to Climate Change ‒ Case Study of Jaipur with Emphasis on Urban Forestry and Sustainable Development
Urban sectors are posing serious challenges presently and are likely to become an issue of great global concern in future. Around 55 percent of the total global carbon footprint is contributed from the urban sector resulting in climate change. The resulting contributing factors are mainly on account of continuous increasing urban population, non-optimization of concreting to non-concreting urban surface and vertical to horizontal spread of urban area coupled with other environmental parameters of relevance. These environmental issues are in the form of insufficient urban air ventilation, increasing urban heat island, inadequate carrying capacity of road network leading to traffic congestion resulting in enhanced air pollution, inadequate disposal and treatment of municipal solid waste and sewage and so on so forth. To address some of the issues referred to above, present research has been made by the authors to assess the urban heat island with emphasis on infusion of urban forestry. A case study has been carried out for Jaipur, Rajasthan, which has been divided into 14 grids with 56 locations where temperatures were recorded during the months of April to June 2023. Urban heat islands were calculated for different locations in Jaipur and isopleths were drawn using Surfer-9 software. An attempt has also been made to estimate an increase in energy consumption on account of the Urban Heat Island effect in Jaipur. To mitigate such an alarming UHI which is partly responsible for climate change, various mitigating measures were described with special reference to infusion of Urban Forestry in Jaipur.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anindita Bhattacharjee, Tania Das, Akshey Bhargava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Carapace Length-Weight and Width-Weight Relationships of Mud Crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål, 1775) from Ye Estuary, Mon Coastal Area
The current study was attempted to determine the basic biological information such as length weight relationship and condition factor of on Scylla serrata from Ye Estuary, Southern Mon Coastal Area during the period of January-October 2022. The average value of male and female crabs was 6.12±0.73 in length, 6.80±2.24 in width and weighing between 40 and 440 g were collected and analyzed. The sex ratio of total collected samples (male: female) was 1:1.42. The carapace length weight relationships of total samples showed logarithmic equations as follow: Log W = 1.245 Log CL + 0.9994 for male, Log W = 0.3553 Log CL + 1.6287for female and Log W = 0.642 Log CL + 1.4303 for combined sex. While the carapace width weight relationships are as follow: Log W = 1.3455 Log CW + 0.844 for male, Log W = 0.9434 Log CW + 1.1683 for female and Log W = 1.0901 Log CW + 1.0549 for combined sex. The b values for the carapace length weight relationship of S. serrata in males and females were 1.245 and 0.3553 and for the carapace width weight relationship in males and females were 1.3455 and 0.9434, indicated that the growth patterns were negative allometric. The condition factor in males and females were 49.07±23.78 and 39.94±19.16. Moreover, the linear regressions between the carapace length or width and weight were highly significant (p > 0.01).
Resistivity, Depth, slice, Lowland, Fertilizer.
Copyright (c) 2025 zarni ko ko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Mining Activities on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) and Ecosystem Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case of the Republic of Ghana using Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Mining operations in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Ghana, substantially modify Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) and impair ecosystem services (ES), presenting obstacles to environmental sustainability and human welfare. This study investigates the research topic by analysing the degree of mining effects on LULC and ES, with Ghana as a case study. The aims encompass evaluating deforestation rates, measuring ecosystem service losses, and identifying sustainable mining methodologies. A systematic review and meta-analysis technique was utilized, examining 86 papers from 2000 to 2025 to consolidate empirical evidence. Principal findings indicate that mining, particularly artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), has resulted in a 304% escalation in land conversion, considerable deforestation (30–86% in certain areas), and the pollution of water bodies with heavy metals such as mercury. Large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal ASM exert distinct influences on LULC, with ASM disproportionately contributing to environmental degradation. The analysis underscores deficiencies in policy, notably the insufficient enforcement of environmental restrictions and the lack of effective post-mining rehabilitation efforts. Recommendations entail the implementation of more stringent rules, active community involvement in oversight, and the use of environmentally sustainable mining methods. These findings seek to guide evidence-based policies that reconcile economic advantages with environmental preservation, in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6, 13, and 15. The study highlights the necessity for cohesive strategies to alleviate mining effects while sustaining livelihoods in Ghana and analogous regions in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Notes on Violet Sea Snails in Ayeyarwady Intertidal Waters, Myanmar
A total of 5 species of violet sea snails Janthina exigua, J. globosa, J. janthina, J. pallida, and J. umbilicata were collected from the intertidal shoal of Ayeyarwady coastal waters from January to December 2024. The shell appearance, habitat, buoyancy, feeding system, and local ecological adaptation (bubble raft for buoyancy, dietary specialization, reduced and modified shell and foot, reproduction, pelagic lifestyle) of the genus Janthina were studied. Some ecological aspects of the distribution, occurrence, composition, and abundance of violet sea snails in different sampling sites of the Ayeyarwady intertidal waters were also studied with species and station-wise correlation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naung Naung Oo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Extraction and Characterization of Chitosan from the Shells of Indian White Prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus (Edwards, 1837)
The shell wastes of Indian white prawn, Fenneropenaeus indicus, collected from markets and restaurants, were used as raw material for the extraction of chitin and chitosan. The yields of chitin and chitosan extracted from shrimp were 33.35 ± 2.62% and 29.45 ± 1.77%, respectively. The solubility and water-binding capacity of chitosan were 100% and 830.44 ± 128.36%, respectively. The solubility and water-binding capacity of the extracted chitosan are high enough that it can easily be incorporated into various applications. Moreover, the ash content of chitosan produced was relatively low (0.1 ± 0.03%) from Fenneropenaeus indicus, which is indicative of effective demineralization and low impurities in the extracted chitosan. In addition, the functional groups of the chitosan and its surface morphology were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The featured peaks of the FTIR spectra of the extracted chitosan in this study were comparable to those in other related studies. Furthermore, the SEM micrographs of the surface morphology of chitosan revealed rough and fibrous structures with regular or irregular pores.
Copyright (c) 2025 Win Lai Lai Htay, Khin Khin Gyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Estimation of Species Composition, Catch Per Unit Effort, and Biomass of Some Marine Fishes of Chaungtha, Ayeyarwady Region in Myanmar
The assessment of the marine fishery was investigated in the Chaungtha Coastal Area for ten months from November 2023 to August 2024. In this study area, seven different types of fishing gear have been recorded, such as bottom set gillnets, purse seines, beach seines, drift gillnets, longlines, dive fishing, and trap fishing. Beach seine was the most efficient fishing gear (27.63%) of species composition, followed by purse seine (25.66%) and bottom set gillnet (22.37%), while trap fishing was the least efficient (0.66%). Sardinella forms the significant component of landings (16.20%), followed by groupers (14.77%) and yellow pike conger (13.58%). The mean catch per unit effort (catch/unit effort/day) was 3.55 kg, and the range was 0.15- 6.47 kg, recorded in July 2024 and November 2023. The highest total catches, 2199.35 kg, were recorded in November 2023, followed by 1843.13 kg in January and 1590.3 kg in March 2024, while 50.18 kg was the least caught in July 2024. The biomass of marine fishes ranged from 7.91 mt to 723.70 mt. The mean biomass was recorded at 205.09 mt in the present study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Min Min Myat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals on Soil in Dumpsite at Ifugbe Merogun, Warri South, Southern Nigeria
The evaluation of some heavy metals concentration of Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Iron (Fe) were undertaken on the soil in and around a dumpsite at Ifugbe Merogun, Warri South Local Government Area, Delta State. A total of twenty-two (22) composite soil samples were obtained. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10cm and 10 cm–20 cm interval from an active dumpsite. One (01) of the sample was collected at a distance of one hundred (100) meters away as control point to show the degree of dispersion from the source. The heavy metals evaluation was performed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) MODEL 210VGP. The results obtained were subjected to statistical test at P < 0.05 at 95% confidence level and the results presented in mean ± SD. All the studied heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Cd, Fe) except Ni (10-200 mg/kg), Cu (10-160 mg/kg) and Zn (40-2990 mg/kg) concentrations ranges in soil exceeded WHO standard. The sources of the heavy metals analyzed are considered to be mainly anthropogenic. However, there should be public awareness of the dangers and negative health implications of the dumpsite on humans and the environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faith Amina Okodugha Okodugha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Degradation Neutrality for Africa – A Case of Niger Republic
Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), which promotes a dynamic balance between land rehabilitation and deterioration, has emerged as a key idea in environmental sustainability. This guarantees that productive land resources do not experience a net loss. Land degradation is one of the primary issues that Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations are dealing with. Many animals, habitats, and locations in the Sahelian areas have suffered due to this act of land degradation (LD). The Sahel is among the most climate-sensitive regions in the world because of changes in land use and land cover (LULC). The Niger Republic is in the middle of the Sahel. This nation has faced several challenges in accomplishing the primary Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study's main objective is to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the causes, effects, and techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of different mitigation initiatives to assist the Niger Republic in meeting its LDN and SDG objectives. This investigation used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Through the use of the search engines Scopus, Academic.edu, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar, we thoroughly examined, screened, and assessed published publications from 2008 to 2024. According to the historical assessment, salinization, overgrazing, deforestation, drought, and soil erosion are the primary causes of LD. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that socioeconomic determinants include poverty, land tenure rights, population pressure, and economic instability. These variables affect natural biodiversity, the human population, and climate change. Lastly, the research evaluates mitigation techniques and discusses institutional policies for sustainable land management (SLM) and suitable farming practices.
Granulometric and Geochemical Analyses of Stream Sediments from Part of Southwestern Nigeria: Implication for Mineralization Potential
This work investigates the mineralization potential of an area bounded by longitude 4˚ 52′ to 5˚ 00′ E and latitude 8˚ 22′ to 8˚ 28′N represented on Ilorin Sheet 223. The methods adopted in this work include field mapping, granulometric, heavy mineral, stream sediment and statistical analyses. The result of the granulometric analysis reveals that the sediments range from very coarse sand to coarse sand, are poorly sorted and exhibit very platykurtic distribution. The result of Factor Analysis identified eight distinct Factor groups. Factor 1 of the group was interpreted to be related to hydrothermal sulphide ore mineralization that is complex and formed at low temperature, while Factor 2 is interpreted to imply gold-associated gangue minerals. Factor 3 was interpreted to indicate the presence of a vein deposit that is mafic in composition, while Factors 7 and 8 were interpreted to indicate the presence of low temperature hydrothermal sulphide mineralization. Heavy minerals identified in the samples include zircon, sillimanite, goethite, hematite and olivine among others. The conclusion drawn from this work is that the southeastern and northwestern parts of the study area have enhanced ore-forming elements; hence, the area is mineralized with pockets of such sulphide. The northeastern part is barren. It was also concluded that exploratory work should focus on the southeastern and northwestern parts of the area. In addition, mineralization in the area consists mainly of low-temperature hydrothermal sulphide ore deposits, including gold.
Copyright (c) 2025 O.S. Bamigboye, O.A. Omorinoye, T.E. Bamidele, H.A. Umar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Water Quality for Both Surface and Groundwater in Ewhereh and Ohrerhe Towns, in Agbarho, Delta State
Evaluating the quality of surface and groundwater in Ewhereh and Ohrerhe Towns, Agbarho, Delta State, to determine their safety and suitability for drinking and other uses. A total of 15 water samples were collected from both towns, including groundwater from boreholes and surface water from hand-dug wells. The physio-chemical and heavy metal parameters of the water samples were analyzed. Parameters assessed included pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, color (Pt-Co), turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), bicarbonate (HCO3), phosphorus (P), ammonium (NH4-N), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), calcium, potassium, sodium, carbonate, chloride, sulphate, magnesium, and heavy metals (manganese, iron, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, and chromium). The pH of the water samples ranged from 5.0 to 6.2, with a mean value of 5.573, indicating slightly acidic conditions. This acidity may result from natural factors such as dissolved carbon dioxide or anthropogenic influences like industrial discharge, which can affect the solubility and bioavailability of nutrients. Elevated EC, TDS, salinity, and COD levels were observed in samples from BH 6, BH 8, and BH 12, suggesting localized contamination sources. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were as follows: iron (0.668 mg/L), manganese (0.216 mg/L), zinc (0.508 mg/L), copper (0.094 mg/L), chromium (0.034 mg/L), cadmium (0.006 mg/L) and Lead (0.013 mg/L). High levels of iron, manganese, cadmium and zinc, particularly in BH 2 EKP AGB, point to potential localized contamination sources. The elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, cadmium and zinc in multiple locations may stem from natural mineral content or industrial activities in the area. The water quality results highlight increased levels of Iron, Manganese, chromium, cadmium and lead, which could pose health and aesthetic concerns. Strong correlations between the concentrations of these metals suggest they may originate from common sources or shared geochemical processes in the study area. Regular monitoring of heavy metal concentrations is recommended to protect soil nutrients and prevent degradation, ensuring favourable conditions for crop growth. Additionally, health risk assessments are advised for areas with elevated cadmium, lead, and chromium levels to evaluate potential impacts on local communities and develop effective mitigation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 D.E. Ogueh, E.A. Aladin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Length Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Four Commercial Fish Species in Pathein Area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar
The present study was carried out length-weight relationship for four commercially important fish species namely Lates calcarifer, Otolithoides pama, Polynemus paradiseus, and Tenualosa ilisha from Koon Annawar Fishing Landing Center, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar. Three species Lates calcarifer, Polynemus paradiseus, and Tenualosa Ilisha were negative allometric but only one species Otolithoides pama was positive allometric. The value of ‘b’ ranged from 1.95 to 3.13 and the coefficient of determination ‘r’ values ranged from 0.71 to 0.97. Moreover, the mean condition factor (K) of four commercial fish species was 1.70±2.50 (L. calcarifer), 0.69±2.23 (O. pama), 1.04±1.97 (P. paradiseus), and 1.65±2.20 (T. ilisha), indicating that its growth rate condition has perfected because the value of ‘K’ is greater than 1 so these species suitable for culture interest. Difference of length and weight of four commercial fish species were presented.
commercial fish, condition factor, length-weight relationship, Pathein area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hsan Win http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hydraulic Fracturing Optimization in Unconventional Reservoirs: A Review
The development of unconventional reservoirs has transformed the global energy landscape, largely driven by advancements in hydraulic fracturing. However, achieving optimal performance in these complex, low-permeability formations requires more than just stimulation—it demands a comprehensive approach that integrates well selection, treatment design, execution efficiency, and accurate production forecasting. This review synthesizes recent developments in hydraulic fracturing optimization, drawing on case studies, simulation results, and emerging technologies. The paper explores best practices in candidate selection using productivity and skin factor analysis, the evolution of fracture design from geometric to geo-engineered completions, and the impact of materials such as high-drag proppants and energized fluids on fracture conductivity. Execution inefficiencies, including low cluster contribution and proppant placement challenges, are addressed through new technologies like under-displacement plugs and real-time adaptive strategies. Furthermore, production forecasting methods are evaluated, with a focus on machine learning models such as ARIMA and LSTM, which demonstrate improved accuracy over traditional decline curve analysis. Finally, the review highlights innovations like Fishbone Drilling as a complementary enhanced recovery technique in tight formations. Overall, the integration of advanced materials, real-time execution tools, and data-driven forecasting represents the future of efficient and intelligent hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Li Wang http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Nitrate Pollution and Health Risks Analysis in WaterResources in Locality of Mbankomo (Center-Cameroon)
Elevated nitrate levels in water resources, resulting from human activities and inadequate wastewater management, can have detrimental effects on consumer health. This article aims to analyze nitrate levels in the water resources of Mbankomo and assess the associated health risks to the local population using a determinist approach. Nitrate concentration is determined in 20 samples including 10 in the dry season (2022, March) and 10 in the rainy season (2022, October). Nitrate concentrations were determinate by High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC) ion chromatography method on Dionex ICS-1100 with a diameter of 0.45 µm. The Nitrate pollution Index (NPI) was used to quantify water nitrate pollution and Potential health risk assessment for nitrate pollution in water of Mbankomo was determined by commonly using health indices such as daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI). Nitrate concentrations varied from 0.03 to 0.08 mg/L, with an average of 0.05 mg/L, in the dry season and from 23.66 to 116.74 mg/L, with an average of 59.83 mg/L in the rainy season. 50% (5 samples) of points investigated have NO3- concentration higher than the WHO limit of 50 mg/L probably due to Anthropogenic inputs. Concerning the NPI, about 60% of the samples have negligible to moderate pollution and 40% have significant and very significant pollution. The average hazard index (HI) values for adults and children were 1.13, 1.88, respectively. 80% of the samples (8 samples) from children had an HI greater than 1, while 50% (5 samples) of the samples from adults exceeded an HI of 1. Accordingly, water samples from Mbankomo may expose children and adults to non-cancer health concerns. Children are more vulnerable to non-carcinogenic health risks than adults, possibly due to their lower body weight. Immediate attention and remedial measures must be implemented to protect residents from the adverse effects NO3- in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Achille Basile Anaba Onana, Derrick Kengni Kengmo, Alix Audrey Nga Onana, Jules Remy Ndam Ngoupayou http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ecological Status of Fluted Giant Clam of Andrew Bay in Rakhine Coastal Region, Western Myanmar
The fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa plays a significant role in reef ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity and habitat structure in Andrew Bay of the Rakhine Coastal Region, Western Myanmar. This current research synthesizes its ecological status, highlighting key factors affecting its populations, including environmental changes, overfishing, and habitat degradation. This study indicates that while some populations remain stable, others are declining due to climate change impacts, such as ocean acidification and increasing sea temperatures, which affect their physiological functions and reproductive output. The fluted giant clam's dependence on symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae is crucial for its health and growth, making it vulnerable to shifts in marine conditions. Conservation efforts are essential to protect this species through habitat restoration and sustainable management practices. Collaborative research between scientists and local communities is encouraged to enhance understanding and protection of the fluted giant clam and its habitat. The findings underscore the need for integrated conservation strategies to ensure the sustainability of this ecologically important species.
Effect of Acacia Gum Powder on the Rheological and Thixotropic Properties of Drilling Fluids
Drilling operations are an important component of energy production. For a successful drilling operation, high efficient drilling fluid must be used. The efficiency of drilling fluid is provided by different organic and inorganic additives. In this study, the effect of acacia gum powder on the rheological and thixotropic properties of drilling fluids is investigated and the results are compared with Xanthan Gum is widely used in industrial applications. In the experiments, acacia gum powder and xanthan gum were added to the spud type drilling fluids prepared at different ratios (between 0.05-1.0 wt.%). Firstly, rheogram curves of the additive drilling muds were created and the flow profile are determined. Then, rheological properties were analysed by apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity and yield point analysis. Also, thixotropic properties were determined by shear thinning index and thixotropy index calculations. As a result of the analysis, it is determined that acacia gum powder can be used as an alternative additive material to xanthan gum as a rheology and thixotropy enhancer in spud type drilling fluids.
Copyright (c) 2025 Onur Eser KÖK http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study on the Biomass and Soil Carbon Content of Mangrove Forest in Magyi Coastal Area, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar
The estimation of the biomass and soil carbon content was carried out in the mangrove forest of Magyi coastal area from November 2022 to September 2023. Three species of mangroves; Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Ceriops tagal were identified. In the present study, the highest value of aboveground biomass 953.24 g was recorded in plot 7 (transect III) however the lowest one was 17.15 g in plot 9 (transect II). The highest value of belowground biomass was 512.88 g in plot 1 (transect IV) but the lowest one was 2.36 g in plot 9 (transect II). The organic carbon content 172.51 kgm-3 was found to be highest in plot 8 (transect III) however the lowest one was 50.04 kgm-3 in plot 9 (transect II). The average aboveground, and belowground biomass and organic carbon content at transect III is more than in transects I, II, IV, and V. The highest average bulk density 0.86 gcm-3 was observed in plot 1(transect III), however, the lowest one was 0.42 gcm-3 in plot 3 (transect V).
Keywords: Aboveground and belowground biomass, organic carbon (%C), carbon content, bulk density.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nant Ei Myat Soe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Estimation of Soil Carbon Stocks in Mangrove Forest of Chaung Tha Coastal Area, Myanmar
This study aims to assess the soil organic carbon stock and physiochemical properties in the mangrove forests of the Chaung Tha coastal area, Ayeyarwady Region in Myanmar. A total of 3 species of mangroves: Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Ceriops tagal were commonly found distributed in the study area and Rhizophora apiculata was the dominant species. The average dry bulk density (DBD) of U-to and Kanyinkwin was 0.7 g/cm3 and 0.8 kg/m3 in Kanyinkwin. Dry bulk density was negatively correlated with soil organic matter (%C). Soil organic carbon content was 65.6 kg/m3 in U-to, 57.9 kg/m3 in Kanyinkwin and 67.8 kg/m3 in Kan Gyi. The soil texture of the mangrove forest in U-to, Kanyinkwin, and Kan Gyi was silt and silt loam. These research findings reinforce the importance of mangrove forests as useful carbon sinks and climate change mitigation.
Dry bulk density, mangrove, soil organic carbon stock.
Comparison of Groundwater Quality Between Paghman Regions and the Fourth Section of Kabul Sedimentary Basin, Kabul, Afghanistan
This study investigates groundwater quality in the Paghman area located in the fourth sector of Kabul, Afghanistan. The primary objective is to identify the natural causes of drinking water contamination, including toxic compounds and materials that leach from soluble rock formations, sediments, and soil into groundwater at infiltration points. We employed two distinct approaches: (a) area-based analysis and (b) laboratory analysis. The area-based analysis involved sampling water from various wells in Paghman and the fourth sector of Kabul. These samples revealed the presence of both soluble and insoluble sediments. Soluble materials interact with water through various chemical reactions, altering its quality, while insoluble materials were analyzed separately as solid components rather than in solutions. For this study, we assessed key water quality parameters, including electroconductivity, pH, temperature, and total hardness. Additionally, chemical analysis was conducted to measure concentrations of Ca, Na, K, Fe, SO₄, Cl₂, NH₃, Mg, F, HCO₃, and NO₃. Several years of conflict in this region contribute to the complexity of reasons responsible for these contaminants, ranging from lack of previous studies, uncontrolled discharge by a growing population, and possibly contaminants from exploded and unexploded ordnances. In addition, there is artisanal and small-scale mining by locals who discharge harmful chemicals to contaminate groundwater. By conducting a grid search of these contaminants, we hope to calculate water quality, attribute contaminants with health effects, and help municipalities with regulatory pathways to improve the quality of life for everyday citizens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashok Vaseashta, Hafizullah Rasouli, Kaltoum Belhassan, Abdul Osmani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Petrographical and Geochemical Studies on the Granitic Rocks Around Igarra-Ugbogbo Area, Southwestern Nigeria
Seven samples of granitic rocks from Igarra-Ugbogbo area in Akoko-Edo Local Government Area of Southwestern Nigeria were obtained with the aim of determining their geochemical and mineralogical properties using XRF, XRD techniques and thin section. Thin section results revealed the optical properties of the minerals present and their behaviours to light. The photomicrographs reveal the presence of various minerals such as quartz, microcline, plagioclase, muscovite and biotite. Results of the geochemical analysis revealed the presence of SiO2 (56.99-71.22wt.%), Al2O3 (13.55-20.76wt.%), Fe2O3(T)* (3.55-5.85wt.%), K2O (0.95-7.21wt.%), Na2O (2.82-3.98wt.%), CaO (1.88-3.03wt.%) and MgO (0.50-1.56wt.%). The abundance of these major oxides in the samples showed that samples UGB 02, UGB 03, UGB 04, UGB 05 and UGB 07 are probably from a felsic magma and UGB 01 and UGB 06 from an intermediate magma. Using Al2O3 classification schemes, its showed that the samples fall into the metaluminous and peraluminous field. The XrD analysis revealed the presence of quartz, alkali feldspars (microcline, orthoclase and sanidine), plagioclase feldspars (albite and anorthite), muscovite, lepidolite, petalite, amblygonite and illite. The modal composition of the quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase was plotted on a QAP diagram which showed that the rock falls within the granitoidal class (granite and granodiorite). The trace element plot of Rb versus (Y+Nb) reveal their tectonic setting to be from post-collision to within-plate granitoids.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr(Mrs). Ovie Odokuma-Alonge, Rita G. Akro http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determination of the Composition of Clay and Shale and Their Industrial Potential Associated with the Ameki Formation in Nsugbe and Its Environs, Southeastern Nigeria
Clays possess various industrially significant properties, including plasticity, adsorptivity, ion exchange capacity and shrink-swell potential. This research aims to determine the composition and industrial potential of clay and shale associated with the Ameki Formation in Nsugbe and its environs, Southeastern Nigeria. A total of eight soil samples were collected from four locations and analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to assess their mineralogical and chemical properties. These analyses provide critical insights into resource quality and industrial suitability. The XRF data indicate that both shale and clay samples are rich in silicate minerals, as evidenced by high SiO₂ concentrations. The clay samples exhibit a higher Al₂O₃ content, suggesting a greater proportion of clay minerals, whereas the shale samples contain higher levels of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂, pointing to the presence of Iron-rich minerals and Titanium-bearing phases. The presence of sulfur in both shale and clay, particularly in certain high concentration samples, suggests a possible marine or anoxic depositional environment. Variations in trace element concentrations across the samples likely reflect differences in sediment provenance and depositional conditions. The data also suggest varying degrees of diagenesis, with shale samples indicating a more mature, Iron-rich environment, while clay samples display characteristics of a more weathered or kaolinitic composition. The XRD quantitative analysis identified minerals such as Quartz, Orthoclase, Clinochlore, Albite, Garnet, Vermiculite, Nacrite, Kaolinite, and Rutile, among others. These findings indicate that the Nsugbe clay and shale deposits have significant industrial potential, particularly for use in refractories, bricks, pottery, and ceramics. Long-term monitoring of the Nsugbe deposits can provide insights into sustainable extraction practices. Collaborative efforts with industries could further increase the economic value of these resources while ensuring environmental sustainability, ultimately benefiting the local community.
Copyright (c) 2025 Grace Onmunaonyeshi, Ese Anthony Aladin, Okeke Osita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Biostimulatory Effects of Chitosan from Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, De Man 1879) on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
The present study investigates the extraction and characterization of chitosan from Macrobrachium rosenbergii shell waste and evaluates its potential as a biostimulant in seed germination. Chitin and chitosan were extracted using a sequential chemical process involving deproteinization, demineralization, decolorization, and deacetylation, employing sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hypochlorite. From 100 g of shell waste, the yields of chitin and chitosan were 29.0 ± 2.71% and 24.37 ± 3.38%, respectively. The extracted chitosan exhibited an off-white appearance with a particle size of 809.33 ± 49.66 µm, solubility in 1% acetic acid of 94.33 ± 2.19%, and a water-binding capacity of 775.17 ± 76.50%. The ash content (0.20 ± 0.10%) and moisture content (9.22 ± 3.89%) confirmed high purity and effective demineralization. Structural analysis via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) validated the molecular and morphological integrity of the extracted chitosan. Seed priming with chitosan (1–2 mg mL⁻¹) significantly enhanced Oryza sativa germination by reducing the mean germination time and promoting shoot and root elongation. Treated seeds exhibited superior seedling vigor, demonstrating chitosan’s efficacy as a natural agricultural biostimulant. These findings suggest that M. rosenbergii-derived chitosan holds promise for sustainable crop enhancement strategies.
chitin, chitosan, FTIR, SEM, seed priming, biostimulant, seedling vigor
Copyright (c) 2025 Win Lai Lai Htay http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effects of Soil Erosion on Water Resources in Slopy Mountainous Areas of Afghanistan and Soil Attrition Control Strategies
In the research reported here, we have investigated various kinds of soil erosions in the mountain slope areas in certain parts of Afghanistan. Due to arid conditions, soil erosion represents a major issue in terms of groundwater drawdown and soil cover for infiltration countrywide. The main objective of this research is to study different methods for controlling soil erosion. It is well known that Afghanistan is a mountainous country, and there is more soil located in the slopy mountain areas of the bedrock, and all of these soils become bare without vegetation, during precipitation during the rainy seasons, since soils from surfaces (aquifer layers) are leached from the ground surface and are transported to the plain areas. In this case, the bedrock is exposed to the ground surface, and the precipitation does not infiltrate to bedrock's aquifage layers. This poses a serious problem in Afghanistan since there is no vegetation cover and the entire soil is transported by season floods during the rainy seasons. To control this natural calamity, it is necessary to use a variety of methods to prevent soil erosion during natural events. Certain methods, such as terraces, retaining walls, protection walls, turfing, tree and shrub planting, dry stone masonry, crib wall, gabion wall, reinforced earth wall, pile and tie back walls, toe walls, revetment walls, check dam, surface drainage, stone pitching, prop wall and dentition wall, wattle fence, wire net, tree, and grass planting are used, however, it requires a careful assessment that depends upon the terrain, local conditions, and slopes. The report provides a comprehensive review of different methods used to prevent soil erosion to increase vegetation and prevent soil erosion and runoff in the different mountain areas of Afghanistan. Since soil is a blessing to sustain life, this study is critical to protect this natural resource for the society of the country.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ashok Vaseashta, Hafizullah Rasouli http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Species Occurrence of Marine Fishes in Cheduba Island, Rakhine State, Western Myanmar
A total of 32 species (31 genera) belonging to 22 families, 9 orders of collected fishes was identified from fish landing sites of Cheduba Island also called Man-Aung Island, Rakhine State, Western Myanmar from January 2023 to December 2023. Among them, two species (2 families, 2 orders) are cartilaginous fishes, and 30 species (20 families, 7 orders) are bony fish identified. Among them, the fish Urogymnus polylepis and Brevitrygon imbricata were the cartilaginous fishes and others were the bony fishes. The order Perciformes was abundant possessed families, geniuses and species. All species are caught by commercial catches in the study areas. Cheduba Island areas had both inshore and offshore fishing areas.
Cheduba Island, Marine Fishes, Occurrence, Perciformes, Rakhine State, Western Myanmae
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Myo Min Tun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Heavy oil production, which comprises 70% of the world’s remaining reserves, is becoming increasingly important for oil companies. While heavy oil is abundant, its thick, tar-like consistency makes it challenging to extract. The primary method for its extraction is steam injection, a thermal-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. This process involves injecting steam into a reservoir to heat the oil, reducing its viscosity and enabling it to be pumped to the surface more efficiently. Steam injections can enhance well productivity by up to 300% but requires significant energy. Traditionally, the steam for EOR is generated by burning large amounts of natural gas, a scarce and valuable resource in many oil-producing regions. Solar EOR offers a sustainable alternative by replacing natural gas with concentrated solar power to generate steam. Solar energy can supply up to 80% of the steam needs of an oilfield, dramatically reducing natural gas consumption. During the day, solar-generated steam is used, while natural gas-generated steam is utilized at night to ensure continuous injection. Solar EOR employs an enclosed trough technology designed specifically for the oil industry. This system uses curved mirrors inside a glasshouse to track the sun, focusing its heat onto water pipes. The concentrated sunlight heats the water, producing steam. The glasshouse structure protects the mirrors from environmental factors like wind, dust, and sand. Utilizing solar energy redirects the natural gas saved to higher-value applications such as power generation or industrial projects, thereby supporting local economies and generating employment opportunities. Solar EOR (SeOR) also produces steam without emissions, contributing to a more sustainable approach to meeting global energy demands. This review explores the interconnections between solar-powered systems and oil production, discussing various aspects of heavy oil, extraction methods, and solar energy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Alperen Sahinoglu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Notes on the Family Harpidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Myanmar
A total of 6 species of harp shells Harpa amouretta; H. articularis; H. davidis; H. harpa; H. major and Morum ninomiyai were collected from low tide level to deep shelf zone. The highest spatial distribution was recorded in the Rakhine Coastal Region (40 sites) followed by the Taninthayi Coastal Region (14 sites) and the Ayeyarwady Delta and Gulf of Martaban Coastal Region (5 sites) in Myanmar Coastal Water from 2012 to 2024. The two harp shell genera Harpa and Morum were commonly distributed in subtidal sandy substrates to depths of about 250 m. The ecological notes of the harp shell were presented with their geographical range.
What Sank the Continents in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans?
I believe that in the sinking of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean crucial role played the melting of the huge ice caps of the Big Ice Age 9,500 years ago, which was shifting the weight from the poles to the oceans. In the same way, in the sinking of Lemuria in the Pacific Ocean crucial role played the melting of the huge ice caps of the previous Big Ice Age approximately 36,000 years ago. In these periods of ice melting and instability, it is quite likely that the human negativity played the role of the small stone that overturn the cart.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Kuman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0